Some more

Question 1

Depression as strong a marker for what as what?

Answer 1

mortality as smoking

Question 2

depression assoc with increased risk of what conditions?

Answer 2

CVD, stroke, DM, mortality, cancer

Question 3

Depression and CVD…

Increased cardiac risk in CAD patinets?
What change in cardiac events? controlling for what?

MD and GAD predict cardiac death/events with what OR?

Answer 3

15-20% increase
doubles - controlling for EF and number of blocked arteries

2.55 and 2.47

Question 4

4 physiological effects of depression in CAD…

Answer 4

platelet adherence
endothelial dysfunction
lower heart rate variability
lifestyle adherence

Question 5

Treating depression in CAD...
safe?
unsafe?
optimal?
effects...

Answer 5

SSRI
TCA
meds and psych
decreased events, survival unchanged

Question 6

Self-management techniques for emotional well-being…

Answer 6

PATCH over life’s troubles

Problem solving
Assertiveness
Time management
CBT
Humour (sense of)

Provider should also help - encourage social support, create management plans, screen

Question 7

TCAs - NNT and stopping due to SE?

MAO

Answer 7

help 1:7-16
stop 1:4-30

Use if SSRI/SNRT not tolerated

MAO - worsened SEs and more interactions

Question 8

How does exercise compare to control, pyscho or pharm?

Answer 8

slightly more effective than control, not more effective than other options

Question 9

Nutrition and depression…
An overview statement…
How does ILI fit in?

Answer 9

there is no good consistent evidence to make specific nutrition recommendations
ILI improves BDI scores, social functioning scores, mental health scores - better over 6 weeks when BMI decreased more

Question 10

Supplementation of what helps treat depression?

Answer 10

folic acid and fish oil

Question 11

3 components of positive psychology?

Answer 11

Develop positive emotions
Experience contentment with the past, happiness in the present, hope for th future
Focus on individual virutes and strengths

Question 12

2 ways to encourage positive moeitons

Answer 12

1) promote activites and perpectives tan increase self-efficacy in managing stress
2) viewing stress as a signal to find more appropriate ways to satisfactorily react to the stressor (not necessarily bad)

Question 13

American adults are lowest in what 2 S&Vs?

Answer 13

persistence and self-regulation

Question 14

Mindfulness… 6 aspects/attitudes

Answer 14

self-reliant
patient
non-striving
non-judgemental
acknowledging
beinnger's mind

It is non-concentrative, you are in the moment where you are, can be done anywhere

Question 15

Benefits to mindfullness

Answer 15

Reslience
Self-esteem
Energy
physical and psychological symptoms
redcues inflammation
compassion/epathy and relationships
lonilinss

Question 16

Compassion - how to express it?

Answer 16

RAIN
recognition
acceptance
investigate
non-identification

Question 17

compassion fatigue - define

Answer 17

like PTSD - traumatised and preoccupied with suffering - the helper has ppor coping, self-care or self-sacrificing tendencies

Question 18

Health belief model:
e.g. screening attendance

6 contructs and acronym

Answer 18

The Big Bad Screening Exam Continues

Threat
Benefits
Barriers
Severity
Efficacy
Cues

Question 19

Health belief model: describe it…

Answer 19

Failing to adopt disease prevention strategy - need to believe in threat, and have accessible low risk option to avoid threat

Question 20

Theory of planned behaviour:
e.g. gym attendace

What is the most important construct?
What is the acronym for all 6?

Answer 20

Sn Sn P C A B
Can Snoring People Actually Snore Badly

Attitude about behaviour
Behaviour intention (most important)
Subjective norms
Social norms
Perceived power - control of roadblocks/assistive factors
Perceived behavioural control - ease/difficulty in accomplishing

Question 21

Theory of planned behaviour: describe it

Answer 21

Predicts adopting behaviours that people have control over the time/place and how it is affected by one’s beliefs about risks/benefits/capability of achieving health outcome

Question 22

Social learning/cognitive model:

Answer 22

RBSREO
Really Bad Snoring Really Effects Owls

Reciprocal determinism
Behavioural capability
Observational learning
Reinforcements - internal and external social reinforcements
Expectations
Self-efficacy

Question 23

Social learning/cognitive model:

description

Answer 23

Personal factors, environment and human behaviour interact to produce behaviour, roles models are important.

Question 24

Things that behaviour theories have in common:

4

Answer 24

Beliefs about risks/benefits
Motivation
Self-efficacy (originally only in the social learning/cognitive theory)
Environmental influence

Question 25

Health behaviour in influenced by what factors? (3)

Answer 25

Intra, interpersonal and institutional (community and public level)

Question 26

non-adherence to chronic medicine is what?

Answer 26

50-80%

Question 27

Benefits of positive psychology?

6

Answer 27

Confidence buildling
Emphasises skills and abilities
Reinforces autonomy and self-efficacy
Empahsises positives e.g. achievements
Enhances resilience
Increases positivity of P-P relationship

Question 28

Peer modelling - what is it?

Peer to peer programmes - what are they?

Answer 28

AA is an example of peer modelling - pairing with someone who has succeeded

Group classes are P2P - where groups encourage one another

Question 29

Preparation - stage matched intervention (3 points)

Answer 29

Assist with commitment
Plan specific changes
Discuss environment modification

Question 30

Action - stage matched intervention (5)

Answer 30

CBT
Structure plan
Identify support
Problem solve obstacles
Reframe unhelpful thoughts

Question 31

Maintenance stage matched intervention (1)

Answer 31

Continue reinforcement and CBT

Question 32

Relapse stage matched intervention (1)

Answer 32

problem solve like in A/P/M phases

Question 33

Health outcomes and doctor patient relationship - which were affected?

Answer 33

HTN, HbA1c, functional status

HbA1c higher empathy 56% vs 40% improvement

Question 34

Self-motivation - what is it?

How to improve it?

Answer 34

Motivation based on one’s needs, perceived benefits, values, vision, purpose

Connect values, meaning and purpose to desired health outcomes

Question 35

Self-Confidence - what is it?

How to improve it?

Answer 35

Confidence in own abilities, characteristics

Elicit positive emotions, leverage strengths, support system and educate and improve self-efficacy

Question 36

Self-efficacy - what is it?

What influences it?

Answer 36

The level of person’s confidence in performing a behaviour.

Confidence is influence by behavioural capability, environmental facilitators or inhibitors.

Question 37

4 types of reflection

Answer 37

simple
double
amplified
shifted-focus - to move away from resistance

Question 38

When are patients very vulnerable t relapse?

Answer 38

in the action phase

Question 39

Behaviour contracts…

do they help?
What benefits to they provide?

Answer 39

They are not well evidence based

Can provide accountability and assist with self-monitoring

Question 40

Weight is influenced by lifestyle choices:

Give 4 examples…

Answer 40

1) Sleep hygiene - short sleep –> weight gain
2) Stress management - weight gain assoc with higher psych stress, weight loss may be increased with stress management programmes
3) Stress eating - foods eaten to reduce anxiety driven by chronic stress-response network
4) Smoking cessation - increased risk of weight gain during smoking cessation, 4.5kg gain, start weight management after quitting

Question 41

Levels of psychosocial needs of the overweight/obese:

Answer 41

Macro, community, inter and intrapersonal