Some Basics of Endocrinology Flashcards
Who was the endocrine system first demonstrated by in the early 1900s?
Bayliss and Sterling
What did Bayliss and Sterling discover in the early 1900s?
they discovered that the body produced chemical messengers such as pancreatic juices such as secretin
Serling coined the term ____.
hormone
Which other bodily system does the endocrine system work closely with to effectively lengthen its network?
nervous system
Some neurons do secrete ____ and some neurons integrate ____.
hormones; glands
List different signaling molecules:
- Endocrine glands or cells
- Exocrine glands or cells
- neurosecretory cells
- synapsing neurons
- local mediator cells
What is the broad term for signaling molecules?
integration
Which kind of cells releasea chemical signal which take effect in an immediate area?
local mediator cells
What are the two divisions of local mediator cells?
paracrine and autocrine
Which local meditor cells affect a dozen cells in the area?
paracrine
Which local mediator cells produce signaling moleuels which signals the receptor?
autocrine
Which kind of signaling molecules secrete substances into ducts, do not enter bloodstream, pancreatic juices go into duct?
exocrine glands
Which kind of signaling molecules do not have a duct but they are highly vascular as they send their signals into the bloodstream?
endocrine glands
Which kind of endocrine gland is THE most vascular?
adrenal glands
What substance is secreted by exocrine glands which are excreted outside of the body?
pheromones
signals to other mammals
List 5 examples of endocrine glands?
- adrenal
- thyroid
- parathyroid
- pituitary
- pineal
Which two organs have both endocrine and exocrine secretion styles?
pancreas and gonads
Hormones may be classified as what three categories of molecules?
- steroids (cholesterol)
- proteins
- amines
____ hormones are typically not stored but they are derived from cholesterol.
steroid
____ hormones are stored because it takes much longer to make these hormones.
protein
Inactive precursors of hormones are called ____ such as insulin and ACTH.
prohormones
What are two prohormones of steroids and/or protein hormones?
insulin and ACTH
What is the less active form of a hormone called?
pre-hormone
Testosterone can be converted into a pre-hormone. How does this happen, and what pre-hormone is it converted into?
Testosterone is reaches the target cell, it is converted to DHT
Are the concentrations of pre-hormones generally low or high? Why?
low, they do not tend to accumulate
When hormones are put out, which organ removes them?
liver
How can people induce a physiological increase in their hormone concentrations?
pharmological concentrations; horome supplements/pills
What is the process where small amounts of some hormones can be better for some organs to later respond to the same hormone in larger amounts?
priming effect
What does GnRH stand for?
gonadotropin releasing hormone
How can some hormones become desensitized to the target cells?
prolonged exposure to high concentrations
What is the effect that happens between estrogen and progesterones?
permissive effect
What is the effect that happens between FSH and androgens?
synergistic effect
What is the effect that happens between estrogen and prolactin?
antagonistic effect
Many hormones have a natural ____ to their production. They can be hourly, diurnal (adrenal), seasonal, timed to reproduction cycle which is important to clinal ramifications.
rhythm
Which kind of solutions do steroid hormones not do well in?
aqueous solutions
How are steroid proteins transported throughout the body?
they are transported throughout the body through the bloodstream by binding to hydrophillic proteins
Which mechanism includes proteins which do not pass through the plasma membrane?
second messenger system
In the second messenger system, proteins will bind to the ____ ____ for the hormone on the plasma membrane.
receptor site
When proteins bind to the receptor site for the specific hormone, ____ will trigger a cascade within the cell.
cAMP (cyclic AMP)
