Some Basics of Endocrinology

Question 1

Who was the endocrine system first demonstrated by in the early 1900s?

Answer 1

Bayliss and Sterling

Question 2

What did Bayliss and Sterling discover in the early 1900s?

Answer 2

they discovered that the body produced chemical messengers such as pancreatic juices such as secretin

Question 3

Serling coined the term ____.

Answer 3

hormone

Question 4

Which other bodily system does the endocrine system work closely with to effectively lengthen its network?

Answer 4

nervous system

Question 5

Some neurons do secrete ____ and some neurons integrate ____.

Answer 5

hormones; glands

Question 6

List different signaling molecules:

Answer 6

• Endocrine glands or cells
• Exocrine glands or cells
• neurosecretory cells
• synapsing neurons
• local mediator cells

Question 7

What is the broad term for signaling molecules?

Answer 7

integration

Question 8

Which kind of cells releasea chemical signal which take effect in an immediate area?

Answer 8

local mediator cells

Question 9

What are the two divisions of local mediator cells?

Answer 9

paracrine and autocrine

Question 10

Which local meditor cells affect a dozen cells in the area?

Answer 10

paracrine

Question 11

Which local mediator cells produce signaling moleuels which signals the receptor?

Answer 11

autocrine

Question 12

Which kind of signaling molecules secrete substances into ducts, do not enter bloodstream, pancreatic juices go into duct?

Answer 12

exocrine glands

Question 13

Which kind of signaling molecules do not have a duct but they are highly vascular as they send their signals into the bloodstream?

Answer 13

endocrine glands

Question 14

Which kind of endocrine gland is THE most vascular?

Answer 14

adrenal glands

Question 15

What substance is secreted by exocrine glands which are excreted outside of the body?

Answer 15

pheromones

signals to other mammals

Question 16

List 5 examples of endocrine glands?

Answer 16

• adrenal
• thyroid
• parathyroid
• pituitary
• pineal

Question 17

Which two organs have both endocrine and exocrine secretion styles?

Answer 17

pancreas and gonads

Question 18

Hormones may be classified as what three categories of molecules?

Answer 18

• steroids (cholesterol)
• proteins
• amines

Question 19

____ hormones are typically not stored but they are derived from cholesterol.

Answer 19

steroid

Question 20

____ hormones are stored because it takes much longer to make these hormones.

Answer 20

protein

Question 21

Inactive precursors of hormones are called ____ such as insulin and ACTH.

Answer 21

prohormones

Question 22

What are two prohormones of steroids and/or protein hormones?

Answer 22

insulin and ACTH

Question 23

What is the less active form of a hormone called?

Answer 23

pre-hormone

Question 24

Testosterone can be converted into a pre-hormone. How does this happen, and what pre-hormone is it converted into?

Answer 24

Testosterone is reaches the target cell, it is converted to DHT

Question 25

Are the concentrations of pre-hormones generally low or high? Why?

Answer 25

low, they do not tend to accumulate

Question 26

When hormones are put out, which organ removes them?

Answer 26

liver

Question 27

How can people induce a physiological increase in their hormone concentrations?

Answer 27

pharmological concentrations; horome supplements/pills

Question 28

What is the process where small amounts of some hormones can be better for some organs to later respond to the same hormone in larger amounts?

Answer 28

priming effect

Question 29

What does **GnRH** stand for?

Answer 29

gonadotropin releasing hormone

Question 30

How can some hormones become desensitized to the target cells?

Answer 30

prolonged exposure to high concentrations

Question 31

What is the effect that happens between estrogen and progesterones?

Answer 31

permissive effect

Question 32

What is the effect that happens between FSH and androgens?

Answer 32

synergistic effect

Question 33

What is the effect that happens between estrogen and prolactin?

Answer 33

antagonistic effect

Question 34

Many hormones have a natural ____ to their production. They can be hourly, diurnal (adrenal), seasonal, timed to reproduction cycle which is important to clinal ramifications.

Answer 34

rhythm

Question 35

Which kind of solutions do steroid hormones not do well in?

Answer 35

aqueous solutions

Question 36

How are steroid proteins transported throughout the body?

Answer 36

they are transported throughout the body through the bloodstream by binding to hydrophillic proteins

Question 37

Which mechanism includes proteins which do not pass through the plasma membrane?

Answer 37

second messenger system

Question 38

In the second messenger system, proteins will bind to the ____ ____ for the hormone on the plasma membrane.

Answer 38

receptor site

Question 39

When proteins bind to the receptor site for the specific hormone, ____ will trigger a cascade within the cell.

Answer 39

cAMP (cyclic AMP)