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Biology of Reproduction > Conception, Pregnancy, & Childbirth > Flashcards

Conception, Pregnancy, & Childbirth Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

How often does a women release an egg into the oviducts?

A

every 28 days

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2
Q

What is the egg moved by in the oviducts?

A

cilia

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3
Q

How many sperm typically reach the egg?

A

100-200

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4
Q

When does fertilization occur?

A

When the sperm unites with the nucleus of an egg.

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5
Q

Within 2-3 days, the zygote divides to become a(n) ____.

A

morula

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6
Q

When the morula reaches the uterus, it will become a hollow ball of cells called a(n) ____.

A

blastocyst

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7
Q

Where does the blastocyst implant in the uterus?

A

in the endometrium

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8
Q

What time-frame does the embryonic stage last?

A

2nd to 8th week of development

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9
Q

After the 10th week of development, the embryo becomes a(n) ____.

A

fetus

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10
Q

Until the placenta is established, the ____ ____ will release estrogen and progesterone.

A

corpus luteum

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11
Q

What are the two walls of the blastocyst called?

A
  • outer chorion
  • inner amnion
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12
Q

What are the outgrowths of the outer chorion called? What do they develop in to?

A

chorionic villi; endometrium and placenta

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13
Q

Describe the placenta.

A

It is a spongey structure and exchanges all nutrients and wastes between the fetus and the blood of the mother.

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14
Q

What is the placenta connected to the fetus by?

A

the umbilical cord

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15
Q

What structure does the umbilical form around the fetus? What fills this structure?

A

amnionic sac; amnionic fluid

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16
Q

What are some preliminary signs of pregnancy?

A

Amenorrhea (skipped period), frequent urination, frequent fatigue, morning sickness, sensitivity to noises and smells, and breast changes.

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17
Q

What are a few kinds of tests that can be used to test for early preganancy?

A
  • blood hCG test
  • urine hCG test
  • internal exam
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18
Q

At what stage of pregancy will the cervix and vagina begin to change where an internal examination would be able to confirm the pregnancy?

A

4 or more weeks

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19
Q

What are two ways that a preganancy can be confirmed via the fetal skeleton?

A
  • ultrasound (sonography)
  • x-ray
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20
Q

How long does a full term pregnancy typically last?

A

266 days or 36 weeks

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21
Q

During pregnancy, vagina secretion will ____ and bowel movements might ____.

A

increase; decrease

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22
Q

At what stage of pregnancy has the embryo’s brain, spinal cord, throat, and nervous system begin developing?

A

By the end of the 4th week

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23
Q

At what stage of pregnancy does the fetus responds to stimuli and moves easily, mother may not feel it?

A

At the end of the 12th week

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24
Q

At what stage of pregnancy does the nipples increase in size, there is possibly some colostrum secretion, the skin of the fetus will begin to grow fine hairs, the abdomen protrudes, the quickening (detection of fetal movement) begins (4 months)?

A

During the 2nd trimester

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25
Q

At what stage of pregnancy does walking becomes awkward, size increases, may feel more tired, may not sleep well, fetal movements become strong and bothersome, there will be frequent urination, increase in 10-12 pounds?

A

During the 3rd trimester

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26
Q

At what stage is there an increase in sex drive during pregnancy?

A

2nd trimester

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27
Q

What is all the things in prenatal vitamins?

A
  • protein
  • calcium
  • iron
  • vitamins A, B, C, D
  • folic acid
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28
Q

____ can be drugs, microorganisms, high level radiation, and alcohol. These influence development in a negative way.

A

Tetratogens

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29
Q

What is the syndrome called that is a result of mother alcohol consumption?

A

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)

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30
Q

What are the Fetal Alcohol Effects (FAE) of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)?

A
  • facial abnormalities
  • learning disabilities
  • low body weight
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31
Q

At what stage is the most crutial for the mother and the health of the baby?

A

the embryonic stage

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32
Q

What are all the things that can cause fetal abnormalities or syndromes after birth?

A
  • alcohol abuse
  • tabacco use
  • cocaine use
  • Rubella
  • toxoplasmosis
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33
Q

What is toxoplasmosis?

A

It is a transmitted bacteria that can infect the mother and infect the fetus. This is caused by ingesting uncooked meats and inhaling dust and dander from cat droppings.

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34
Q

What causes birth defects such as microcephaly and skeletal malformations?

A

radiation

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35
Q

What causes birth defects with the nervous system?

A

excessive heat

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36
Q

What are the two methods for natural childbirth?

A

Bradley and Lamaze Methods

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37
Q

What kind of child birth is where labor is monitored and the birth is assisted? These births can be monitored by physicians or freestanding birthing centers. Some women also opt for a home birth.

A

managed childbirth

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38
Q

Who coined this technique?:

Reduces trauma a newborn experiences immediately after birth, baby is placed in room temperature bath immediately after birth.

A

Frederick Leboyer

39
Q

What medications were originally used to supress pain during childbirth?

A

Demoral or Nubain

40
Q

What is an antisthetic that is commonly used during child birth that is injected into the spinal cord?

A

epidural

41
Q

What kind of antisthetic is used during childbirth in unexpected emergencies, usually when there is little time for sedation?

A

general anesthesia

42
Q

What is the technical name for labor?

A

parturition

43
Q

How long does the first stage of labor last?

A

8 to 18 hours

44
Q

How far apart are contractions in the first stage of labor?

A

every 10-20 minutes

45
Q

How far apart are late-stage one contractions? How long do they last?

A

every 2-3 minutes; 50-90 seconds

46
Q

What happens in the second stage of labor?

A

The cervix is fully open and the baby begins to move into the vagina.

47
Q

What is it called when you can first see the baby’s head through the cervix?

A

crowning

48
Q

What is the average delivery time for a first time mother?

A

50 minutes

49
Q

How long does delivery take for women who have already had children before?

A

20 minutes

50
Q

What is it called where the incision is made in the perineum if the baby’s head is too large during delivery?

A

episiotomy

51
Q

What happens during the third stage of delivery?

A

Contractions re-start to expel the placenta from the uterus or a C-section is done.

52
Q

When a normal delivery is deemed impossible or too dangerous to carry out, what procedure can be done to birth the baby?

A

Cesarean section (C-section), it is where the abdomen and uterus are cut open to bring the baby directly out from the uterus

53
Q

Between how many weeks is a normal baby born?

A

Between 38th and 42nd weeks

54
Q

A birth earlier than 38 weeks is considered _____.

A

preterm

55
Q

A birth later than 42 weeks is considered _____.

A

post term

56
Q

What is considered a low birth weight?

A

<5.5lbs

57
Q

What is considered a very low birth weight?

A

<3.3lbs

58
Q

What is considered an extremely low birth weight?

A

<2.2lbs

59
Q

How much of a risk do underweight babies have towards their survival?

A

They are 40 times more likely to die within the first 4 weeks of life

60
Q

What has given low-weight or high-risk babies the change to survive after birth?

A

neonatal intensive care

61
Q

What feeling can happen to women postpartum which can be caused due to dramatic changes in hormone levels?

A

“baby blues”

62
Q

Postpartum depression happens to what percent of women post childbirth?

A

10 percent

63
Q

What is the bloody discharge called that can happen postpartum?

A

lochia

64
Q

What are some physical adjustments that happen postpartum?

A
  • uterus shrinks back to normal size
  • lochia (bloody discharge)
  • hemmoroids
65
Q

What are the three stages of milk production?

A

1) formation
2) secretion
3) ejection

66
Q

During pregnancy, what does estrogen grow within the breasts?

A

it causes the mammary ducts to grow and branch

67
Q

During pregnancy, what does progesterone grow within the breasts?

A

it causes the mammary glands to grow

68
Q

When the nipple is suckled, nerve impulses will travel to the ____, releasing ____, increasing contraction of glands, milk flows into the ducts.

A

hypothalamus; oxytocin

69
Q

How can HIV be transmitted from mother to baby postpartum?

A

through the breastmilk

70
Q

Why is menstration blocked during breastfeeding?

A

because progesterone and prolactin levels are high

71
Q

What component does breastmilk have that prevents infant diarrhea?

A

abys

72
Q

What are some problems that women can experience during pregnancy?

A
  • pregnancy induced hypertension (PIH)
  • preeclampsia
  • elevated blood pressure
73
Q

What percentage of newborns are affected by congental defects?

A

13.5%

74
Q

Out of all birth defects, what percentage are genetic?

A

20-25%

75
Q

Out of all birth defects, what percentage are from fetal infections?

A

3-5%

76
Q

Out of all birth defects, what percentage are from maternal conditions?

A

4%

77
Q

Out of all birth defects, what percentage are from drugs and medications?

A

1%

78
Q

Out of all birth defects, what percentage are from unknown causes?

A

60-70%

79
Q

What is the leading cause of death in infants below the age of 1?

A

birth defects

80
Q

What is the prenatal diagnostic test is where you withdraw a small sample of amniotic fluid to testing?

A

amniocentesis

81
Q

Along with amniocentesis, what can also be tested?

A

chorionic villus

82
Q

What kind of prenatal diagnostic test is a maternal blood test which can also detect neurological problems, spinalbifida, or downsyndrome?

A

Alpha-fetoprotein screening (AFP)

83
Q

What kind of prenatal diagnostic test can be used to view the fetal age, position, viability, and birth defects?

A

Ultrasonography

84
Q

What is the definition of a spontaneous abortion of embryos before 20 weeks of gestation of the delivery of a fetus?

A

miscarriage

85
Q

When do most miscarriages occur?

A

80% occur within the first 12 weeks of gestation

86
Q

What is the definition of a birth where there is no sign of life of the baby post-delivery?

A

stillbirth

87
Q

What is the most common symptom of a miscarriage?

A

bleeding

88
Q

What is the cause of 20% of all infertility problems?

A

STIs (chlamydia and gonnorea)

89
Q

What are some technical procedures which can help increase fertility or provide a family with the ability to bear a child?

A
  • IVF
  • GIFT
  • TOT
  • IUI
  • ZIFT
  • sperm donation
90
Q

What are some forms of sperm donation?

A
  • artificial insemenation by partner (AIP)
  • donor insemination (DI)
91
Q

What are some other techniques that help with conception during infertility issues?

A

Embryo lavage (washed embryo and tansfered into mother), pregnancy after menopause, frozen embryos, tubal embryo stage transfer, opening blocked fallopian tubes, microinjection, intracytoplasmic spem injection (ICSI).

92
Q

What is the definition of where a woman bears a child on behalf of another?

A

surrogacy

92
Q

How many adoptions occur per year in the United States?

A

60,000

93
Q

Which form of adoption is the most common, public or private agencies?

A

private (70%)

Biology of Reproduction (9 decks)

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