Human Male Sexual Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards
What are the name for cell bodies located in the hypothalamus?
neurons
Which kind of secretory cells release into the bloodstream?
neural secretory cells
Where do neurons send their chemical message through?
axons
How many major hormones do neural secretory cells produce?
six
Collecting ducts are found in what structure?
nephrons
Collecting ducts are pretty ____ to water.
impermeable
Which hormone makes makes collecting ducts permeable to water?
anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)
What can be a great inhibitor of ADH?
alcohol
Which hormone increases the rates of contractions for women in labor?
oxytocin
What are some instances where oxytocin levels can increase in response?
- rate of contractions in labor
- orgasms
- feeling of unity with people
Which portion of the hypothalamus releases oxytocin?
posterior lobe
Which portion of the hypothalamus controls the release of oxytocin?
anterior lobe (pituitary)
What is the portail system?
it is where two capillary beds meet
What is the hypothalamus and pituitary control center called?
neuroendocrine control center
Which lobe do non-human vertebrates use to release MSH (melanocyte stimulating hormone)?
intermediate lobe
What are the 1º reproductive organs?
- accessory reproductive organs
- gonads
What are th 2º sexual chacteristics?
- puberty vs adolesence
- gender identifying qualities
- male/female external sex organs
What are the male gonads?
testes
What are the female gonads?
ovaries
What is the attainment of sexual maturity where conception becomes possible?
puberty
Which term describes the entire transition from childhood to adulthood?
adolesence
What is the “head” or end of the penis called?
penile glands
The ____ opening is located at the center of the penile glands.
urethral
What covers the penile glands on the exterior of the penis?
foreskin
What is the operation called where the foreskin is removed from the penis?
circumcision
What are the two most sensitive areas of the penis?
corona and frenulum
What are the three cylinders (one is made up of two) which make up the shaft and the gland?
- corpura cavernosa
- corpus spongiosum
What two substances travel through the urethra of the penis?
urine and semen
Which three components are contained in the scrotum?
- testes
- epididymus
- spermatic cord
Penile and testicular cancer are the most common forms of cancer in men below the age of ____.
45
Which chromsome will produce a male?
X or Y
Y
Which chromosome will produce a female?
X or Y
X
How do sex organs and characteristics develop in males?
If the testes develop, it will secrete sex horomes which give rise to the characteristics
Which factor determines whether the gonads will be testes or ovaries?
genetic sex
A ____ weeks of gestation, the gonadal ridge will form.
6
What contains:
* leydig cells
* ehecal cells
* sertoli cells
* granlulosa cells
germ cells
Located on the short arm of the Y chromosome, activates the testicular determining factor.
SRY gene
SRY –> ____ —> testes
gonads
Which two ducts will produce male gentalia?
Wolffian ducts
Which two ducts will produce female gentalia?
Mullerian ducts
Which hormone stimulates the Wolffian ducts in males?
testosterone
Which substance will go into play to diminish the appearance of female genetalia?
MIS (Mullerian-inhibting substance)
At ____ weeks, the external genetalia will being to develop in a male fetus.
9-12
Which substance transforms testosterone into dihydrotestosterone (DHY)?
5-alpha-reductase
In females in utero, there is virtually no development of what sex organ?
ovaries
Where do sperm form within the epididymus?
seminiferous tubules
How long does it take for sperm to regenrate in seminiferous tubules?
74 days
Which cells in the the testes produce testosterone?
Leydig cells
When sperm or regenerating in the epididymus, what is the first stage which they begin as?
spermatogonia (2n)
When sperm or regenerating in the epididymus, what is the second stage they move in to after undergoing meiosis I?
primary spermatocyte
When sperm or regenerating in the epididymus, what is the third stage they move in to after becoming the primary spermatocyte?
secondary spermatocyte (n)
When sperm or regenerating in the epididymus, what is the fourth stage they move in to after undergoing meiosis II?
spermatids (n)
List some characteristics that testosterone can change within the body.
- Penis, scrotum, semen-producing glands
- Growth of body hair
- Voice is in a lower pitch
- Skin thickens
- Muscular growth
- Bones strengthen and thicken
What can happen to sperm if they are not allowed to be brought to maturation?
it would leave the sperm unable to travel
What is the name of the small tube which carries the sperm from the epididymis into the ejaculatory duct?
vas deferis
What is the composition of semen?
- seminal fluid
- sperm
Seminal fluid is composed of 70% of what?
glucose
Which fluid makes up 30% of fluid in semen and increases the movement of sperm?
prosteric fluid
How does the pH of prostetic fluid help protect sperm as they enter the vagina?
prostetic fluid is very alkaline which counteracts with the acidity of the vagina
What fluid come out preceeding ejaculaion which helps neutralize the acidity of the urine in the urethra which helps not damage the sperm as it comes out of the penis?
Cowper’s fluid (pre-cum)
Sexual stimulation triggers reposnses in the nervous system which induces a penile erection which is prompted by a(n) ____.
neurotrasmitter
During sexual stimulation, neurotransmitters, stimulate the ____ cells to release nitric oxide with produces a gas which diffuse into muscle cells that surround the penis.
endothelial
During sexual stimulation, an increase of ____ increase in the muscles, the muscles relax, arteries dilate and blood rushes through those arteries and the veins contract which traps blood in the penis.
GEP
What is the first stage of ejaculation?
Explain this step.
emission
1) internal urethral sphincter closes preventing the release of urine
2) external sphincter also closes, trapping the semen in the ejaculatory duct
What is the second stage of ejaculation?
Explain this step.
actual ejaculation
1) orgasm
2) The muscles around ejaculatory duct contract creating pressure
3) The external sphincter relaxes leading to contractions along the entire urethra which forces the release of semen (Usually occurs in 3-10 seconds).
What is associated with intense pleasure and is marked skeletal muscle contractions? Also includes…
* Rapid onset of muscular and psychological relaxation
* Increase in heart rate.
orgasm
Post-ejaculation, nitric oxide levels ____ and the blood pressure in the erectile tissue decreases. There is also a breakdown of ____ ____. Blood begins to drain through the veins when relaxed
decreases; cyclic GEP
What problem occurs when the male is unable to become erect?
erectile dysfunction
How does erectile dysfunction happen/how does it effect the natural erection process?
Enzymes breakdown cyclic GMP
How do drugs help alleviate erectile dysfunction?
it increases the production of nitric oxide
