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Integrative Neuroscience > Somatosensory Processing > Flashcards

Somatosensory Processing Flashcards

1
Q

Deformation of the DRG (free or encapsulated) by a mechanical stimulus _____ the threshold needed to evoke an action potential.

A

lowers

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2
Q

High-threshold channels characterize _____ (receptorss for pain).

A

nociceptors

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3
Q

Nociceptors are found predominantly in _____ _____.

A

smaller DRG

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4
Q

Nociceptors are activated by _____ pressures.

A

higher

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5
Q

Proprioceptors

A

Give information about the position of limbs and body in space.
Muscle spindles
Goldgi tendon organs

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6
Q

Stretching a mucle activates _____ on two types of afferent fibers:

A

mechanoreceptors
group 1a
group 2

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7
Q

Group 1a afferent fibers

A

large myelinated fibers

repidly adapting

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8
Q

Group 2 afferent fibers

A

myelinated fibers

slowly adapting

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9
Q

Tension of intrafusal fibers is also controlled by _____.

A

gamma motor neurons

from dorsal horn spinal cord

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10
Q

Large muscles for coarse movements have _____ spindles.

A

few

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11
Q

Extraocular muscles and uscles in the neck and hand have ____ spindles.

A

many

require precise control

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12
Q

Muscle spindles detect changes in _____.

A

muscle tension

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13
Q

Tactile afferents from body:

A

Dorsal column - medial lemniscal system

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14
Q

Afferents from face use the _____ (_____).

A

trigeminothalamic system

Trigeminal ganglion

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15
Q

Merkel receptors have _____ responses.

A

sustained

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16
Q

Meissner receptors are _____.

A

rapidly adapting

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17
Q

Pacinian receptors are _____.

A

rapidly adapting

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18
Q

Ruffini receptors have _____ responses.

A

sustained

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19
Q

Merkel receptors are responsible for _____ and _____ perception.

A

form

texture

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20
Q

Meissner receptors are responsible for _____ and _____.

A

motion detection

grip control

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21
Q

Pacinian receptors are responsible for _____ perception and _____.

A

vibration

tool use

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22
Q

Ruffini receptors are responsible for _____, _____, and _____.

A

tangential force
hand shape
motion direction
(stretch)

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23
Q

Slowly adapting afferents convey information about _____, such as size and shape.

A

spatial attributes

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24
Q

Rapidly adapting afferents convey information about ______: dynamic qualities of the stimulus.

A

changes in ongoing stimulation

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25
Q

Sensory axons are classified according to their _____, which governs their _____ and their _____.

A

diameter
myelination
conduction velocity

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26
Q

Dermatome

A

Cutaneous innervation related to a single spinal nerve

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27
Q

sensation

A

transduction

transmission

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28
Q

perception

A

inference
deduction
follow-up

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29
Q

5 primary tasks of sensory systems

A 
transduction
transmission
inference
deduction
follow-up
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30
Q

5 qualities of information to encode

A 
modality
intensity
duration
location
salience
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31
Q

5 factors that influence success or failure

A 
fatigue
adaption
sensitization
overlap/redundancy
damage/overload
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32
Q

Dorsal root ganglia

A

contain the sensory neurons of the somatosensory system

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33
Q

Dorsal root is responsible for _____.

A

sense

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34
Q

Ventral root is responsible for _____.

A

motor

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35
Q

The _____ system is responsible for touch perception.

A

dorsal column-medial lemniscus system

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36
Q

The _____ is responsible for pain perception.

A

anterolateral system

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37
Q

The _____ projects to the cerebellum and controls timing of muscle contractions.

A

dorsal spinocerebellar tract

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38
Q

Proprioceptive afferents from the body lead to the _____ and _____.

A

cerebellum

dorsal column nuclei

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39
Q

The _____ somatosensory thalamus contains _____ afferents from the body.

A

central posterior lateral

medial lemniscus

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40
Q

The _____ somatosensory thalamus contains _____ afferents from the face.

A

ventral posterior medial

trigeminal lemniscus

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41
Q

the somatosensory cortex contains _____ __, __, _, and _.

A 
Brodmann's areas
3a
3b
1
2
42
Q

The _____ is a representation of the human body from the _____.

A

homunculus

somatotopic map

43
Q

_____ serves as obligatory first step in cortical processing of somatosensory information.

A

Brodmann’s area 3b

44
Q

_____ are functioal modules of the cortex.

A

Columns

45
Q

Columns in the somatosensory cortex are _____.

A

functionally distinct

46
Q

Reorganization of cortical maps in response to altered functional input is known as _____.

A

plasticity

47
Q

Nociception

A

The neural encoding and processing of noxious stimuli

48
Q

Noxious stimuli

A

stimuli that can elicit tissue damage and activate nociceptors

49
Q

Nociceptors are sensory receptors that detect signals from _____ and respond to _____ released.

A

damaged tissue

chemicals

50
Q

Nociceptors are _____ found in the skin, muscle, joints, bone, and viscera.

A

free (bare) nerve endings

51
Q

Pain processing is _____ of normal cuteaneous processing.

A

independent

52
Q

Peripheral axons responsible for normal stimulation _____ their frequency in response to painful stimuli.

A

do not increase

53
Q

Nociceptive afferents only fire when _____.

A

stimuli reach high intensities

54
Q

Direct stimulation of large fibers (1a, II, AB) _____.

A

does not produce pain

55
Q

Peripheral nociceptive axons terminate in “_____.”

A

free endings

56
Q

Nociceptors are found on _____ fibers (_, _)

A

small
Ad
C

57
Q

C fibers are _____ and respond to _____, _____, and _____ stimuli.

A

polymodal
thermal
mechanical
chemical

58
Q

_____ fibers lack myelination.

A

C

59
Q

Type I Ad fibers respond to dangerous _____ and _____ stimulation.

A

mechanical

chemical

60
Q

Type II Ad fibers respond to _____ stimulation.

A

thermal

61
Q

_____ respond only to intense mechanical stimulation such as pinching, cutting, or stretching.

A

High threshold mechano-nociceptors

62
Q

_____ respond to intense mechanical stimulation as well as to thermal stimulation.

A

Thermal nociceptors

63
Q

_____ respond only to chemical substances.

A

Chemical nociceptors

64
Q

_____ respond to all high intensity stimuli.

A

Polymodal nociceptors

65
Q

_____ include high-threshold mechanoreceptors, polymodal nociceptors, and ‘‘silent’’ nociceptors.

A

Joint nociceptors

66
Q

_____ include mechanoreceptors, thermal, silent and chemical nociceptors.

A

Visceral nociceptors

67
Q

C and Ad fiber nerve endings contain _____ that respond to temp, pressure, and inflammatory agents.

A

transient receptor potential (TRP) channels

68
Q

TRPV1 is activated by _____, _____, _____, and _____.

A

heat
anandemide
capsaicin
allyl isothiocyanate

69
Q

TRPV1

A

Transient receptor potential vanilloid type-1

70
Q

TRPV1 channels are also known as _____ and _____.

A

capsaicin receptors

vanilloid receptor 1

71
Q

_____ are produced peripherally in response to injury.

A

Endovanilloids

72
Q

ASIC

A

acid-sensing ion channel

73
Q

Hyperalgesia

A

Increased sensitivity to painful stimuli

74
Q

Hyperalgesia has a _____ effect at the level of the nociceptors.

A

peripheral

75
Q

Tissue damage and inflammation release inflammatory mediators, such as _____, _____, and _____ which increase the sensitivity of nociceptors to _____.

A

prostaglandins
histamin
substance P
noxious stimuli

76
Q

Most sensitizing pro-inflammatory agents activate the _____ pathway.

A

phospholipace C

77
Q

Phospolipace C pathway phosphorylates TRPV1, leading to _____.

A

sensitization of TRPV1

78
Q

Allodynia

A

Pain sensation in response to non-painful stimuli

79
Q

Allodynia results from an increase in excitability of _____.

A

dorsal horn neurons

80
Q

The _____ localizes painful or thermal stimuli and leads to the _____.

A 
spinothalamic tract (lateral and anterior)
thalamus (central lateral nucleus)
81
Q

The _____ causes alertness and arousal in response to painful stimuli and leads to the _____.

A 
spinoreticular tract
reticular formation (through ret.form. of medulla and pons)
82
Q

The _____ orients the eyes and head towards the stimuli and leads to the _____.

A

spinotectal tract

tectum (through periaqueductal gray matter)

83
Q

The dorsal root ganglia pathway goes through _____.

A

Lissauer’s tract

84
Q

Crossing of the anterolateral tract from left to right spinal cord occurs at the _____.

A

decussation

85
Q

Visceral pain misperceived as somatic pain is called _____.

A

referred pain

86
Q

Non-nociceptive fibers of the anterolateral tract terminate in _____.

A

layer 5

87
Q

Unilateral spinal cord lesions lead to “dissociated sensory loss”:

contralateral: _____
ipsilateral: _____

A

reduction in pain/temp sensation

reduction in touch/pressure/vibration/proprioception

88
Q

The anterolateral system from the body runs through the _____ and the _____.

A

spinothalamic tract

Ventral posterior lateral nucleos of the thalamus

89
Q

The anterolateral system from the face runs through the _____ and the _____.

A

Trigeminothalamic tract

Ventral posterior medial nucleus of the thalamus

90
Q

Sensory discriminative aspects of pain

A

location
intensity
quality

91
Q

Affective motivation aspects

A

fear

anxiety

92
Q

The anterolateral system is divided into _____ and _____.

A

sensory-discriminative

affective-motivational

93
Q

The sensory-discriminative anterolateral system leads to the _____.

A

somatosensory cortex

94
Q

Stimulation of the periaqueductal gray in the midbrain is _____.

A

analgesic

95
Q

_____ in the spinal cord modulate pain perception.

A

Local interactions

96
Q

Nociceptive information is modulated by simultaneous activity in _____.

A

touch fibers

97
Q

Opiod

A

Peptide that binds to the same posynaptic receptors as opium

98
Q

_____ is the active ingredient in the sap/seeds of opium poppies.

A

Morphine

99
Q

Morphine, heroin, and synthetic opiates such as methadone and fentanyl are potent _____.

A

analgesics

100
Q

3 groups of endogenous opioid receptor ligands:

A

endorphins
enkephalins
dynorphins

101
Q

_____ modulate transmission of ascending pain signals.

A

Descending systems

102
Q

_____ are released directly in the spinal cord to blunt the effects of nociceptor activation.

A

Enkephalins

Integrative Neuroscience (8 decks)

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