Motor Systems: Modulation of Movement by the Cerebellum

Question 1

The function of the cerebellum is to detect the difference, or ____, between intended movement and actual movement.

Answer 1

motor error

Question 2

The cerebellum influences ____ to reduce motor error.

Answer 2

upper motor neurons

Question 3

The cerebellum does not initiate movement but it contributes to ____, ____, and ____.

Answer 3

coordination
precision
accurate timing

Question 4

The cerebellum receives input from sensory systems of the spinal cord and from other parts of the brain, integrating these inputs to ____.

Answer 4

fine tune motor activity

Question 5

Damage to the cerebellum does not cause paralysis, but instead produces disorders in ____, ____, ____, and ____.

Answer 5

fine movement
equilibrium
posture
motor learning

Question 6

The cerebellar cortex is composed of the ____, ____ and ____.

Answer 6

Cerebrocerebellum
Spinocerebellum
Vestibulocerebellum

Question 7

The deep cerebellar nuclei are composed of ____, ____ and ____.

Answer 7

Dentate nucleus
Interposed nucleui
Fastigial nucleus

Question 8

The cerebellar peduncles are composed of ____, ____ and ____.

Answer 8

Superior ppeduncle
Middle peduncle
Inferior peduncle

Question 9

The cerebrocerebellum receives inputs from the ____.

Answer 9

cortex

Question 10

The cerebrocerebellum is responsible for producing ____ and planning and execution of ____.

Answer 10

skilled movements

spatial and temporal sequences (incl. speech)

Question 11

The spinocerebellum receives inputs from the ____.

Answer 11

spinal cord

Question 12

The lateral spinocerebellum controls movements of ____ muscles while the medial side (____) controls ____ muscles and ____.

Answer 12

distal
vermis
proximal
eyes

Question 13

The vestibulocerebellum receives inputs from the ____.

Answer 13

vestibular system

Question 14

The ____ are folds in the cortical mantle of the cerebellum

Answer 14

folia

Question 15

The superior cerebellar peduncles are ____, the middle ____, and the inferior ____.

Answer 15

efferent
afferent
mixed

Question 16

The pontine nuclei relays inputs from the cortex and superior colliculus via the ____.

Answer 16

middle cerebellar peduncles

Question 17

The infereior olive relays inputs from the spinal cord and brainstem via the ____.

Answer 17

inferior cerebellar peduncle

Question 18

Inputs from the motor, premotor, and association cortices lead to the cerebrocerebellum via the ____.

Answer 18

pontine nuclei

Question 19

Auditory and visual signals lead to the ____.

Answer 19

vermis (middle)

Question 20

Vestibular inputs come from ____.

Answer 20

CN VIII

Question 21

Output from the cerebellar cortex goes to ____ and then (via ____) to the thalamus, which controls ____.

Answer 21

deep cerebellar nuclei
superior cerebellar peduncle
upper motor neurons in the cortex

Question 22

Descending outputs from deep cerebellar nuclei to the brainstem control ____.

Answer 22

axial and proximal limb musculature (posture)

Question 23

The 3 layers of the cerebellar cortex are the ____, ____ and ____.

Answer 23

Molecular
Purkinje
Granule

Question 24

Purkinje cells use the neurotransmitter ____.

Answer 24

GABA (inhibitory)

Question 25

Local circuit neurons in the cerebellum consist of ____, ____, ____ and ____ cells.

Answer 25

Granule (>1/2 of all neurons in entire brain)
Stellate
Basket
Golgi

Question 26

Mossy fibers come from ____.

Answer 26

pontine nuclei

Question 27

Parallel fibers come from ____.

Answer 27

granule cells

Question 28

Climbing fibers wrap around ____ and come from the ____.

Answer 28

purkinje cells

inferior olive

Question 29

Purkinje cells are ____.

Answer 29

inhibitory

Question 30

The climbing fiber transports the ____ to the cerebellum.

Answer 30

motor error signal

Question 31

Climbing fibers are relevant for short-term ____ and long-term ____.

Answer 31

adaption (error control)

motor learning

Question 32

Parallel fibers evoke ____.

Answer 32

single spikes

Question 33

Climbing fibers evoke ____.

Answer 33

complex spikes

Question 34

The spinocerebellum regulates ____.

Answer 34

body and limb movements

Question 35

The vestibulocerebellum regulates ____.

Answer 35

balance and eye movements

Question 36

Cerebellar ataxia

Answer 36

Difficulty producing smooth, well-coordinated, multi-jointed movements