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Integrative Neuroscience > Sensory Systems: Vision > Flashcards

Sensory Systems: Vision Flashcards

1
Q

The retina is _ - _ micrometers thick with _ output neurons.

A

100
200
3 million

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2
Q

Liquid sphere is surrounded by 3 layers

A

Retina
Uveal layer
Sclera

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3
Q

Retina

A

light sensitive receptors

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4
Q

Uveal layer

A

Choroid
Ciliary body
Iris

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5
Q

Sclera

A

White fibrous tissue with light-transparent cornea at front

body of eyeball

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6
Q

Choroid

A

A layer of capillaries and melanin (the light absorbing pigment) behind the retina

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7
Q

Ciliary muscle

A

Used to adjust lens

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8
Q

Vertebrate eyes are oriented _____ & _____.

A

upside down

curved

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9
Q

The cornea and lens bend the light to achieve a focused image (_____).

A

refraction

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10
Q

Accommodation

A

changes in refractive power of the lens

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11
Q

The lends is _____ to view distant objects and _____ to view near objects.

A

flat

round

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12
Q

_____ keep the lens flat.

A

Zonule fibers

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13
Q

Myopia (_% of US pop.) is the result of the cornea being _____ or the eyeball being _____.
(focus point _____ retina)

A 
nearsighted
50
too curved
too long
before
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14
Q

Hyperopia is known as _____ and results from refractory muscles being _____ or the eyeball being _____.
(focus point _____ retina)

A

farsighted
too weak
too short
behind

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15
Q

Macula lutea and fovea form the region of _____.

A

highest visual acuity

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16
Q

optic disk contains _____ photoreceptors.

A

no

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17
Q

The _____ is the area of the retina where blood vessels enter and optic fibers leave the eye, creating a _____.

A

optic disk

blind spot

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18
Q

_____ fill in the blind spot of the eye.

A

Cortical mechanisms

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19
Q

The _____ is designed for acuity.

A

fovea

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20
Q

The fovea is a _____ (composed only of _____) around _____ wide.

A

rod-free area
cones
200 micrometers

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21
Q

Macular degeneration affects _____ people in the US.

A

6 million

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22
Q

_____ is a loss of vision in the center of the visual field (the _____) because of damage to the retina.

A

Macular degeneration

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23
Q 
Macular degeneration ("dry" form)
(_% of all cases)
A

Debris between the retina and the choroid results in disappearance of the retinal pigment epithelium and loss of photoreceptors.

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24
Q

Macular degeneration (“wet” form)

A

Blood vessels grow from the choroid and the retina can also become detached.

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25
Q

Macular degeneration is treated with _____ and _____ to stop the growth of blood vessels (_____ form).

A

laser coagulation
medication
wet

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26
Q

5 classes of retinal circuitry neurons:

A 
photoreceptors (rods & cones)
bipolar cells
horizontal cells
amacrine cells
ganglion cells
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27
Q

Three neuron chain of retinal circuitry:

A

photoreceptor
to bipolar cell
to ganglion cell

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28
Q

Horizontal and amacrine cells enable interactions between _____ and _____ to maintain contrast over different light intensities.

A

photoreceptors

bipolar cells

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29
Q

_____ cells form the optic nerve.

A

Ganglion

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30
Q

Rods and cones have _____ and _____ segments.

A

inner

outer

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31
Q

In the dark, photoreceptors are _____.

A

depolarized

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32
Q

Light stimulation _____ photoreceptors.

A

hyperpolarizes

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33
Q

Photoreceptor potentials are _____.

A

graded

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34
Q

The outer segment of photoreceptors is responsible for _____.

A

depolarization (Na+ and Ca++ influx)

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35
Q

The inner segment of photoreceptors is responsible for _____.

A

hyperpolarization (K+ outflux)

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36
Q

Light reduces _____ and _____ channels.

A

cGMP levels

closes

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37
Q

_____ is coupled to one of several opsins (for _____)

A

Retinal

different wavelengths

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38
Q

Light photon converts _____ to _____.

A

11-cis retinal

all-trans retina

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39
Q

Conversion of retinal actives _____.

A

transducin

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40
Q

Transducin activates _____ (cGMP phosphodiesterase) which _____ levels of cGMP.

A

PDE

reduces

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41
Q

The rod system is _____ to light.

A

extremely sensitive

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42
Q

the rod system has a _____.

A

very low spatial resolution

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43
Q

The cone system is _____ sensitive.

A

low-light

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44
Q

the cone system has _____.

A

high spatial resolution

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45
Q

the cone system is responsible for perception of _____.

A

color

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46
Q

_____ vision uses both rods and cones

A

Mesopic

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47
Q

_____ vision uses no cones.

A

Scotopic

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48
Q

Cones have a _____ density throughout the retina.

A

low

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49
Q

_____ have a shark peak in density at the center of the fovea (_____).

A

Cones

foveola

50
Q

Individual cones _____ in the fovea.

A

become smaller

51
Q

Rods have a _____ density throughout the retina.

A

high

52
Q

Rods have a _____ in density in the fovea.

A

sharp drop

53
Q

The _____ contains no capillaries.

A

avascular zone

54
Q

Cones adapt more efficiently to _____, while rods saturate _____.

A

constant illumination

quickly

55
Q

Cones are connected : to bipolar cells.

A

1

1

56
Q

Rods show _____ at bipolar cells which _____.

A

convergence

increases light sensitivity

57
Q

_____ vision uses mainly cones.

A

Photopic

58
Q

Humans normally have _____ kinds of cones, resulting in _____ vision

A

3

trichromatic

59
Q

L for _____ respondes to _____ wavelengths (peaking at _____)

A

long
long
red

60
Q

M for _____ responds to _____ wavelengths (peaking at _____)

A

medium
medium
green

61
Q

S for _____ responds to _____ wavelengths (_____, 5-10% and absent from _____)

A

short
short
blue
fovea

62
Q

_% of males are colorblind.

A

8

63
Q

_____ results in the loss of long (_____) wavelength perception.

A

Protanopia

64
Q

_____ results in loss of medium (_____) wavelength perception.

A

Deuteranopia

65
Q

_____ results in loss of short (_____) wavelength perception

A

Tritanopia

blue-yellow

66
Q

_____ center cells increase firing when luminance increase in their receptive field center.

A

on-center

67
Q

_____ center cells increase their firing when luminance decreases in their receptive field center.

A

off-center

68
Q

On- and off-center ganglion cells have selective connections with on and off _____.

A

bipolar cells

69
Q

Selective responses of on and off bipolar cells are due to their different _____.

A

glutamate receptors

70
Q

_____ on “off”-center cells _____ the bipolar cell.

A

AMPA receptors

depolarize

71
Q

_____ on “on”-center cells close _____ channels, leading to _____.

A

mGluR6
Na+
hyperpolarization

72
Q

Center vs. surround properties of ganglion cells are shaped by _____ from _____.

A

lateral inhibition

interneurons

73
Q

Antagonism of the surround area arises from _____ from horizontal cells.

A

lateral connections

74
Q

Horizontal cells are depolarized by _____ from photoreceptors.

A

glutamate

75
Q

__% of ganglion cells cross at the optic chiasm.

A

60

76
Q

_____ for the optic nerve.

A

ganglion cell axons

77
Q

The _____ contains info from both eyes.

A

optic tract

78
Q

The optic tract leads to the _____, _____, _____ and _____.

A

dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of thalamus
suprachiasmatic nucleus of hypothalamus
pretectum
superior colliculus (midbrain)

79
Q

The _____ is involved with reflex control of pupil and lens.

A

pretectum

80
Q

The _____ regulate constriction of the iris.

A

ciliary ganglions

81
Q

Pupilliary reflex should be _____ for both eyes.

A

identical

82
Q

Afferents from the pretectum lead to the _____, then the ciliary ganglions.

A

Edinger-westphal nucleus

83
Q

The crossing of light rays through the lens casuses the images of objects to be _____ and _____ on the retina.

A

inverted

left-right reversed

84
Q

The left half of the visual world is represented in the _____ half of the brain.

A

right

85
Q

Ganglion cells in the _____ of each retina cross in the optic chiasm.

A

nasal division

86
Q

Projections of cells tat lie in the _____ stay on the same side.

A

temporal division

87
Q

The fovea is represented disproportionally large in the _____, while the peripheral stimuli are represented _____.

A

posterior striate cortex

further anterior

88
Q

A lot more ganglion cells are in the _____ to process focused binocular vision.

A

macula

89
Q

_____ (top) carries info about the contralateral superior visual field (inferior retinal quadrants)

A

Meyer’s loop

90
Q

_____ (bottom) carries info about the the contralateral inferior visual field (superior retinal quadrants).

A

Baum’s loop

91
Q

Scotomas

A

small visual field deficit

92
Q

Anopsias

A

large visual field deficits

93
Q

Inputs from the right hemi-retina of each eye project to different layers of the _____.

A

right lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of thalamus

94
Q

The LGN is comprised of the _____, _____ and _____ layers.

A

magnocellular
koniocellular
parvocellular

95
Q

Mangocellular layers are _____.

A

ventral layers (1-2), large neurons

96
Q

Parvocellular layers are _____.

A

dorsal layers (3-6), small neurons

97
Q

The magnocellular layers are layers _____ of the VC.

A

4C-alpha

98
Q

The parvocellular layers are layers _____ of the VC.

A

4C-beta

99
Q

The koniocellular layers are patches in layers _____ of the VC.

A

2/3

100
Q

The _____ is important for spatial resolution.

A

parvocellular pathway

101
Q

The _____ is important for high temporal resolution.

A

mangocellular pathway

102
Q

The _____ details analysis of shape, size and color of objects.

A

parvocellular pathway

103
Q

The _____ transmits some color information.

A

koniocellular pathway

104
Q

The _____ evaluates location, speed and direction of a fast-moving object.

A

magnocellular pathway

105
Q

Magnocellular ganglion cells have _____ and are _____ (respond only _____).

A

large receptive fields
fast
transiently

106
Q

Parvocellular ganglion cells transmit _____ and are _____.

A

color information

persistently active

107
Q

Magnocellular ganglion cells transmit _____ than parvocellular ganglion cells.

A

faster

108
Q

Cells in the primary visual cortex respond _____ and have a _____.

A

selectively to oriented edges

preferred direction

109
Q

_____ respond best to a bar of light with a specific orientation.

A

simple cells

110
Q

Cells in the VC integrate inputs from _____ ganglion/LGN cells.

A

several

111
Q

on- and off-center cells reside in the _____ and _____.

A

retina

LGN

112
Q

The receptive field of _____ in the VC are built from the fields of several simple cells.

A

complex cells

113
Q

Axons from LGN terminate primarily on spiny stellate cells of _____.

A

layer 4C (afferents to VC)

114
Q

Pyramidal cells in _____ project to higher order (visual) cortices.

A

layers 2/3

115
Q

Pyramidal cells in _____ project to subcortical areas, including LGN and superior colliculus.

A

layers 5/6

116
Q

In the LGN, the inputs from both eyes are separated in _____.

A

different layers

117
Q

Distinction is maintained is the VC in _____.

A

ocular dominance columns (layer 4 inputs)

118
Q

Neurons outside layer 4 integrate inputs from _____.

A

both eyes

119
Q

Blobs are groups of _____ neurons.

A

color-sensitive

120
Q

Blobs are typically stained with _____.

A

cytochrome oxidase

121
Q

Interblobs receive the same input but are sensitive to _____.

A

orientation

Integrative Neuroscience (8 decks)

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