Sensory Systems: Auditory

Question 1

Amplitude is measured in _____ and determines _____.

Answer 1

decibels

loudness

Question 2

Frequency is measured in _____ and determines _____.

Answer 2

hertz

pitch

Question 3

Humans hear frequency range between _____ and _____.

Answer 3

20 Hz

20 kHz

Question 4

The _____ and _____ collect sound waves and amplify pressure.

Answer 4

external ear

middle ear

Question 5

Sound waves are transmitted to fluid filled _____ in the _____.

Answer 5

cochlea (hair cells)

inner ear

Question 6

The cochlea breaks down complex sound waves in _____.

Answer 6

simple sinusoidal components

Question 7

Hair cells encode _____, _____, and _____.

Answer 7

frequency
amplitude
phase

Question 8

Hair cells transmit to _____.

Answer 8

auditory fibers

Question 9

The _____ is the softest part of the outer ear.

Answer 9

pinna

Question 10

the _____ is the harder entrance to the ear.

Answer 10

concha

Question 11

the _____ leads from the concha to the tympanic membrane.

Answer 11

external auditory meatus

Question 12

The ear bones (osciclles) are the _____, _____, and _____.

Answer 12

Malleus
Incus
Stapes

Question 13

Sound waves enter the external auditory meatus and vibrate the _____.

Answer 13

tympanic membrane

Question 14

The stapes vibrates against the _____.

Answer 14

oval window

Question 15

Hair cells reside in the _____.

Answer 15

inner ear

Question 16

The middle ear boosts _____ 200 fold.

Answer 16

air pressure

Question 17

The large tympanic membrane funnels sound onto the small _____.

Answer 17

oval window

Question 18

Ear bone breakage results in _____.

Answer 18

conductive hearing loss

Question 19

The two small muscles _____ and _____ are activated automatically to protect the ear.

Answer 19

tensor tympani

stapedius

Question 20

The tympanic membrane is _____ shaped.

Answer 20

cone

Question 21

The stapes moves with a _____ action.

Answer 21

piston-like

Question 22

Hair cells send impulses to the _____.

Answer 22

spiral ganglion

Question 23

Hearing loss due to receptor damage is called _____.

Answer 23

sensorineural hearing loss

Question 24

The _____ vibrates opposite to the oval window, allowing fluids in the cochlea to move

Answer 24

round window

Question 25

The oval window leads to the _____.

Answer 25

scala vestibuli

Question 26

The scala vestibuli leads to the _____ where it becomes the _____.

Answer 26

helicotrema (cochlear apex) | scala tympani

Question 27

Tonotopy

Answer 27

Topographical mapping of frequencies along the basilar membrane.

Question 28

The basal end of the cochlea is _____ and responds well to _____.

Answer 28

narrow and stiff | high frequencies

Question 29

The apical end of the cochlea is _____ and responds well to _____.

Answer 29

wide and flexible | low frequencies

Question 30

The _____ transforms pressure waves into action potentials.

Answer 30

organ of corti

Question 31

The organ of corti sits inside the _____, between the _____ and _____.

Answer 31

cochlear duct scala vestibuli scala tympani

Question 32

The _____ pushes the hair cells against the _____ as perilymphatic pressure waves pass.

Answer 32

basilar membrane | tectorial membrane

Question 33

Vertical motion of the traveling wave along the basilar membane induces a _____ between the _____ and _____.

Answer 33

shearing motion basilar membrane tectorial membrane

Question 34

The shearing motion between the basilar membrane and the tectorial membrane bends _____ on the _____, causing hyper- or depolarization

Answer 34

stereocilia (hair-like structures) | hair cells

Question 35

_____ are receptors for _hearing and constitute __% of auditory nerve.

Answer 35

Inner hair cells (3,500) | 95

Question 36

_____ receive efferents from the brain and amplify the _____.

Answer 36

Outer hair cells (12,000) | traveling wave

Question 37

Inner hair cells send info via the _____.

Answer 37

auditory nerve

Question 38

Outer hair cells get _____ in response to changes in membrane potential.

Answer 38

longer and shorter

Question 39

Outer hair cells receive strong innervation from the _____ (modulation of sensitivity).

Answer 39

superior olive

Question 40

There are ~_____ hair cells in each ear.

Answer 40

15,000

Question 41

There are _____ stereocilia per hair cell, arrange in height and are _____.

Answer 41

30-100+ | bilaterally symmetrical

Question 42

_____ connect 2 adjacent stereocilia, transforming shearing motion into receptor potential.

Answer 42

Tip links

Question 43

Pull on tip links opens _____, leading to _____.

Answer 43

cation channels | depolarization

Question 44

Depolarization of hair cells triggers _____ release, creating an action potential which travels to the _____.

Answer 44

glutamate | spiral ganglion

Question 45

Hair cells are _____ when inactive.

Answer 45

hyperpolarized

Question 46

Opening and closing of channels results in a _____, enabling receptor potential to follow signals up to _____.

Answer 46

bi-phasic receptor potential | 3 kHz

Question 47

_____ enables hearing up to 20 kHz.

Answer 47

"labeled-line" coding

Question 48

Auditory fibers are specifically tuned to _____.

Answer 48

characteristic frequencies

Question 49

The auditory nerve enters the cochlear nucleus in the _____.

Answer 49

brainstem

Question 50

From the _____, there are bilateral projects to the _____ and _____.

Answer 50

cochlear nucleus medial lateral superior olive

Question 51

The _____ acts as a coincidence detector.

Answer 51

medial superior olive

Question 52

The _____ uses intensity differences.

Answer 52

lateral superior olive

Question 53

The _____ uses timing differences.

Answer 53

medial superior olive

Question 54

The _____ is used to locate a sound source.

Answer 54

medial superior olive

Question 55

Above _____, the head acts as an obstacle for short, high-frequency waves resulting in lower intensity signals in the distant ear.

Answer 55

2 kHz

Question 56

Differences in intensity are used by the _____ and the _____ to locate sound.

Answer 56

lateral superior olive | medial nucleus of the trapezoid body

Question 57

The inferior colliculus resides in the _____.

Answer 57

midbrain

Question 58

In the _____, the _____ integrates combinations of frequencies.

Answer 58

auditory thalamus | medial geniculate complex

Question 59

The primary auditory cortex is located in the _____.

Answer 59

temporal lobe

Question 60

The primary auditory cortex A1 has a _____ organization (low in _____, high in _____).

Answer 60

tonotopic front back

Question 61

The belt areas adjacent to A1 receive _____.

Answer 61

diffuse inputs