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Integrative Neuroscience > Sensory Systems: Auditory > Flashcards

Sensory Systems: Auditory Flashcards

1
Q

Amplitude is measured in _____ and determines _____.

A

decibels

loudness

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2
Q

Frequency is measured in _____ and determines _____.

A

hertz

pitch

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3
Q

Humans hear frequency range between _____ and _____.

A

20 Hz

20 kHz

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4
Q

The _____ and _____ collect sound waves and amplify pressure.

A

external ear

middle ear

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5
Q

Sound waves are transmitted to fluid filled _____ in the _____.

A

cochlea (hair cells)

inner ear

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6
Q

The cochlea breaks down complex sound waves in _____.

A

simple sinusoidal components

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7
Q

Hair cells encode _____, _____, and _____.

A

frequency
amplitude
phase

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8
Q

Hair cells transmit to _____.

A

auditory fibers

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9
Q

The _____ is the softest part of the outer ear.

A

pinna

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10
Q

the _____ is the harder entrance to the ear.

A

concha

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11
Q

the _____ leads from the concha to the tympanic membrane.

A

external auditory meatus

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12
Q

The ear bones (osciclles) are the _____, _____, and _____.

A

Malleus
Incus
Stapes

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13
Q

Sound waves enter the external auditory meatus and vibrate the _____.

A

tympanic membrane

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14
Q

The stapes vibrates against the _____.

A

oval window

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15
Q

Hair cells reside in the _____.

A

inner ear

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16
Q

The middle ear boosts _____ 200 fold.

A

air pressure

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17
Q

The large tympanic membrane funnels sound onto the small _____.

A

oval window

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18
Q

Ear bone breakage results in _____.

A

conductive hearing loss

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19
Q

The two small muscles _____ and _____ are activated automatically to protect the ear.

A

tensor tympani

stapedius

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20
Q

The tympanic membrane is _____ shaped.

A

cone

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21
Q

The stapes moves with a _____ action.

A

piston-like

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22
Q

Hair cells send impulses to the _____.

A

spiral ganglion

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23
Q

Hearing loss due to receptor damage is called _____.

A

sensorineural hearing loss

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24
Q

The _____ vibrates opposite to the oval window, allowing fluids in the cochlea to move

A

round window

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25
Q

The oval window leads to the _____.

A

scala vestibuli

26
Q

The scala vestibuli leads to the _____ where it becomes the _____.

A

helicotrema (cochlear apex)

scala tympani

27
Q

Tonotopy

A

Topographical mapping of frequencies along the basilar membrane.

28
Q

The basal end of the cochlea is _____ and responds well to _____.

A

narrow and stiff

high frequencies

29
Q

The apical end of the cochlea is _____ and responds well to _____.

A

wide and flexible

low frequencies

30
Q

The _____ transforms pressure waves into action potentials.

A

organ of corti

31
Q

The organ of corti sits inside the _____, between the _____ and _____.

A

cochlear duct
scala vestibuli
scala tympani

32
Q

The _____ pushes the hair cells against the _____ as perilymphatic pressure waves pass.

A

basilar membrane

tectorial membrane

33
Q

Vertical motion of the traveling wave along the basilar membane induces a _____ between the _____ and _____.

A

shearing motion
basilar membrane
tectorial membrane

34
Q

The shearing motion between the basilar membrane and the tectorial membrane bends _____ on the _____, causing hyper- or depolarization

A

stereocilia (hair-like structures)

hair cells

35
Q

_____ are receptors for _hearing and constitute __% of auditory nerve.

A

Inner hair cells (3,500)

95

36
Q

_____ receive efferents from the brain and amplify the _____.

A

Outer hair cells (12,000)

traveling wave

37
Q

Inner hair cells send info via the _____.

A

auditory nerve

38
Q

Outer hair cells get _____ in response to changes in membrane potential.

A

longer and shorter

39
Q

Outer hair cells receive strong innervation from the _____ (modulation of sensitivity).

A

superior olive

40
Q

There are ~_____ hair cells in each ear.

A

15,000

41
Q

There are _____ stereocilia per hair cell, arrange in height and are _____.

A

30-100+

bilaterally symmetrical

42
Q

_____ connect 2 adjacent stereocilia, transforming shearing motion into receptor potential.

A

Tip links

43
Q

Pull on tip links opens _____, leading to _____.

A

cation channels

depolarization

44
Q

Depolarization of hair cells triggers _____ release, creating an action potential which travels to the _____.

A

glutamate

spiral ganglion

45
Q

Hair cells are _____ when inactive.

A

hyperpolarized

46
Q

Opening and closing of channels results in a _____, enabling receptor potential to follow signals up to _____.

A

bi-phasic receptor potential

3 kHz

47
Q

_____ enables hearing up to 20 kHz.

A

“labeled-line” coding

48
Q

Auditory fibers are specifically tuned to _____.

A

characteristic frequencies

49
Q

The auditory nerve enters the cochlear nucleus in the _____.

A

brainstem

50
Q

From the _____, there are bilateral projects to the _____ and _____.

A

cochlear nucleus
medial
lateral superior olive

51
Q

The _____ acts as a coincidence detector.

A

medial superior olive

52
Q

The _____ uses intensity differences.

A

lateral superior olive

53
Q

The _____ uses timing differences.

A

medial superior olive

54
Q

The _____ is used to locate a sound source.

A

medial superior olive

55
Q

Above _____, the head acts as an obstacle for short, high-frequency waves resulting in lower intensity signals in the distant ear.

A

2 kHz

56
Q

Differences in intensity are used by the _____ and the _____ to locate sound.

A

lateral superior olive

medial nucleus of the trapezoid body

57
Q

The inferior colliculus resides in the _____.

A

midbrain

58
Q

In the _____, the _____ integrates combinations of frequencies.

A

auditory thalamus

medial geniculate complex

59
Q

The primary auditory cortex is located in the _____.

A

temporal lobe

60
Q

The primary auditory cortex A1 has a _____ organization (low in _____, high in _____).

A

tonotopic
front
back

61
Q

The belt areas adjacent to A1 receive _____.

A

diffuse inputs

Integrative Neuroscience (8 decks)

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