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Integrative Neuroscience > Motor Systems: Spinal Cord and the Motor Unit > Flashcards

Motor Systems: Spinal Cord and the Motor Unit Flashcards

1
Q

Types of motor organs

A

Cilia
Glands
Muscles

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2
Q

Types of glands

A

endocrine

exocrine

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3
Q

Types of exocrine glands

A

internal

external

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4
Q

Types of muscles

A

smooth

striated

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5
Q

Types of smooth muscles

A

visceral

peripheral

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6
Q

Types of striated muscles

A

cardiac

skeletal

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7
Q

Motor Pools

A

Clusters of motor neurons in the spinal cord

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8
Q

Lower motor neurons reside in the _____ horn of the spinal cord.

A

ventral

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9
Q

Neurons that control the proximal muscles are located in the _____.

A

medial ventral horn

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10
Q

Neurons that control the distal muscles are located in the _____.

A

lateral ventral horn

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11
Q

Pathways in the medial part of the spinal cord control _____.

A

posture

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12
Q

Pathways in the lateral spinal cord control _____.

A

fine movements in extremities

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13
Q

Flexor and extensor muscles work together through _____.

A

complementary excitation and inhibition

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14
Q

Length change in _____ create the reflex negative feedback control mechanism.

A

muscle fibers

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15
Q

_____ innervate the extrafusal, force-producing fibers which control posture and movement.

A

alpha motor neurons

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16
Q

_____ innervate intrafusal muscle fibers (_____) to control tension on the receptors.

A

gamma motor neurons

muscle spindles

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17
Q

a single _____ innervates many muscle fibers.

A

alpha motor neurons

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18
Q

_____ spread force evenly across a muscle.

A

alpha motor neurons

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19
Q

Types of alpha motor neurons

A

fast fatigable
fast fatigue-resistant
slow

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20
Q

Fast fatigable alpha motor neurons are _____ and have a _____ threshold.

A

large

high

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21
Q

Fast fatigue-resistant alpha motor neurons are _____ and have a _____ threshold.

A

medium size

medium

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22
Q

Slow alpha motor neurons are _____ and have a _____ threshold.

A

small

low

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23
Q

Slow alpha motor neurons are mainly used for _____.

A

posture

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24
Q

Fast fatigable alpha motor neurons are used for _____.

A

generating a lot of force

ex: running

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25
Q

At higher frequencies, muscle fiber twitches _____.

A

summate

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26
Q

Higher force requirements recruit more and more _____.

A

neurons

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27
Q

Group Ia afferents - known as _____ - respond phasically to _____.

A

nuclear bag fibers

small stretches

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28
Q

Group II afferents fire tonically to signal _____.

A

degrees of sustained stretch

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29
Q

_____ help maintain posture and balance, allowing one to walk without consciously thinking about each step.

A

Monosynaptic stretch reflexes

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30
Q

Feed-forward inhibition enhances the effect of the _____ by suppressing the _____.

A

active pathway

opposing pathway

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31
Q

Activation of the _____ ensure that only the appropriate muscle gets activated.

A

inhibitory interneurons

32
Q

Feed-back inhibition serves as a _____ to prevent _____.

A

self-regulating mechanism

over-excitation

33
Q

_____ regulate excitability of muscle spindles.

A

gamma motor neurons

34
Q

Mechanoreceptors in golgi tendon organs predominantly signal changes in _____.

A

muscle tension

35
Q

Golgi tendon organs provide _____ via inhibitory interneurons in the spinal cord.

A

negative feedback

36
Q

Painful esnsory stimulation leads to _____.

A

flexion reflex

37
Q

Flexion reflex inhibits the _____ and activates the _____.

A

extensor

flexor

38
Q

The flexion reflex is accompanied by the _____.

A

crossed extension reflex

39
Q

The crossed extension reflex serves to _____ by activating the _____.

A

maintain posture/balance

opposite side

40
Q

_____ are excited by collaterals from motor neurons and inhibit those same motor neurons.

A

Renshaw cells

41
Q

Local circuit neurons in the intermediate zone of the spinal cord are _____.

A

topographically arranged

42
Q

Upper motor neurons in the cortex reside in layer __ of the _____.

A

5

primary motor cortex

43
Q

Betz-cells are _____ than pyramidal cells.

A

larger

44
Q

Betz-cells are specific to _____.

A

layer 5 of the primary motor cortex

45
Q

Layer 5 neurons from the primary motor cortex and premotor cortex form the _____.

A

pyramidal tract

46
Q

The corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts intersect at the _____.

A

internal capsule (forebrain)

47
Q

The pyramidal tract consists of the _____ and _____ tracts.

A

corticospinal

corticobulbar

48
Q

The pyramidal tract first enters the midbrain through the _____.

A

cerebral peduncle

49
Q

The pyramidal tracts projections through the _____ give its name.

A

meduallary pyramids

50
Q

Corticobulbar projections of the pyramidal tract terminate only in the _____.

A

brainstem

51
Q

The corticospinal projection innervates the _____.

A

spinal cord

52
Q

__% of fibers in the cortical spinal tract form the lateral tract.

A

90

53
Q

__% of fibers in the cortical spinal tract form the ventral tract.

A

10

54
Q

_____ is the reason why a side of the brain controls the contralateral side of the body.

A

decussation

55
Q

The corticobulbar tract terminates on motor neurons within the _____.

A

brainstem motor nuclei

56
Q

The corticospinal tract controls _____.

A

spinal motor neurons

57
Q

Pyramidal tract neurons innvervate multiple motor neurons that control _____.

A

multiple/different muscles

maps of movement/coordination

58
Q

__% of axons in the corticospinal tract arise directly from the premotor cortex.

A

30

59
Q

Activity of the _____ is related to motor planning, preparatory activity, and selection of a movement.

A

premotor cortex

60
Q

_____ in the prefrontal cortex are responsible for understanding movements of others.

A

mirror neurons

61
Q

Mirror neurons do not fire when an experimenter _____.

A

uses a tool

62
Q

Mirror neurons encode _____.

A

intentions of self and others

63
Q

Extrapyramidal tracts are responsible for _____.

A

involuntary reflexes, movement and it’s modulation

64
Q

Motor control of the brainstem controls _____, _____ and _____.

A

balance
posture
gaze

65
Q

Feedforward mechanisms act through the _____ to predict resulting disturbances in stability and generate stabilizing responses.

A

reticulospinal pathway

66
Q

Extrapyramidal tract projections terminate in the _____.

A

reticular formation

67
Q

The reticulospinal pathway projects to motorneurons in the spinal cord that control _____ to stabilize posture.

A

axial and proximal muscles

68
Q

The tectospinal pathway targets the _____.

A

tectum

superior/inferior colliculus

69
Q

The reticulospinal pathway targets the _____.

A

pontine and medullary reticular formation

70
Q

The vestibulospinal pathway targets the _____.

A

lateral and medial vestibular nuclei

71
Q

The colliculospinal pathway from the superior colliculus controls _____ to orient _____.

A

neck muscles

head and eye movements

72
Q

The reticulospinal pathway controls temporal and spatial coordination of _____.

A

limb and trunk movements

73
Q

The vestibulospinal pathway controls _____.

A

reflex control of neck muscles (medial)

74
Q

The vestibular nuclei receive inputs from cranial nerve __.

A

VIII

inputs from semicircular canal and otolith organ

75
Q

The reticulospinal pathway integrates information from the motor systems to coordinate _____.

A

automatic movements of locomotion and posture

76
Q

The reticulospinal pathway facilitates and inhibits _____ and influences _____.

A

voluntary movement

muscle tone

Integrative Neuroscience (8 decks)

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