Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Integrative Neuroscience > Motor Systems: Spinal Cord and the Motor Unit > Flashcards

Motor Systems: Spinal Cord and the Motor Unit Flashcards

1
Q

Types of motor organs

A

Cilia
Glands
Muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Types of glands

A

endocrine

exocrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Types of exocrine glands

A

internal

external

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Types of muscles

A

smooth

striated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Types of smooth muscles

A

visceral

peripheral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Types of striated muscles

A

cardiac

skeletal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Motor Pools

A

Clusters of motor neurons in the spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Lower motor neurons reside in the _____ horn of the spinal cord.

A

ventral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Neurons that control the proximal muscles are located in the _____.

A

medial ventral horn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Neurons that control the distal muscles are located in the _____.

A

lateral ventral horn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Pathways in the medial part of the spinal cord control _____.

A

posture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Pathways in the lateral spinal cord control _____.

A

fine movements in extremities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Flexor and extensor muscles work together through _____.

A

complementary excitation and inhibition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Length change in _____ create the reflex negative feedback control mechanism.

A

muscle fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

_____ innervate the extrafusal, force-producing fibers which control posture and movement.

A

alpha motor neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

_____ innervate intrafusal muscle fibers (_____) to control tension on the receptors.

A

gamma motor neurons

muscle spindles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

a single _____ innervates many muscle fibers.

A

alpha motor neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

_____ spread force evenly across a muscle.

A

alpha motor neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Types of alpha motor neurons

A

fast fatigable
fast fatigue-resistant
slow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Fast fatigable alpha motor neurons are _____ and have a _____ threshold.

A

large

high

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Fast fatigue-resistant alpha motor neurons are _____ and have a _____ threshold.

A

medium size

medium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Slow alpha motor neurons are _____ and have a _____ threshold.

A

small

low

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Slow alpha motor neurons are mainly used for _____.

A

posture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Fast fatigable alpha motor neurons are used for _____.

A

generating a lot of force

ex: running

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
At higher frequencies, muscle fiber twitches _____.
summate
26
Higher force requirements recruit more and more _____.
neurons
27
Group Ia afferents - known as _____ - respond phasically to _____.
nuclear bag fibers | small stretches
28
Group II afferents fire tonically to signal _____.
degrees of sustained stretch
29
_____ help maintain posture and balance, allowing one to walk without consciously thinking about each step.
Monosynaptic stretch reflexes
30
Feed-forward inhibition enhances the effect of the _____ by suppressing the _____.
active pathway | opposing pathway
31
Activation of the _____ ensure that only the appropriate muscle gets activated.
inhibitory interneurons
32
Feed-back inhibition serves as a _____ to prevent _____.
self-regulating mechanism | over-excitation
33
_____ regulate excitability of muscle spindles.
gamma motor neurons
34
Mechanoreceptors in golgi tendon organs predominantly signal changes in _____.
muscle tension
35
Golgi tendon organs provide _____ via inhibitory interneurons in the spinal cord.
negative feedback
36
Painful esnsory stimulation leads to _____.
flexion reflex
37
Flexion reflex inhibits the _____ and activates the _____.
extensor | flexor
38
The flexion reflex is accompanied by the _____.
crossed extension reflex
39
The crossed extension reflex serves to _____ by activating the _____.
maintain posture/balance | opposite side
40
_____ are excited by collaterals from motor neurons and inhibit those same motor neurons.
Renshaw cells
41
Local circuit neurons in the intermediate zone of the spinal cord are _____.
topographically arranged
42
Upper motor neurons in the cortex reside in layer __ of the _____.
5 | primary motor cortex
43
Betz-cells are _____ than pyramidal cells.
larger
44
Betz-cells are specific to _____.
layer 5 of the primary motor cortex
45
Layer 5 neurons from the primary motor cortex and premotor cortex form the _____.
pyramidal tract
46
The corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts intersect at the _____.
internal capsule (forebrain)
47
The pyramidal tract consists of the _____ and _____ tracts.
corticospinal | corticobulbar
48
The pyramidal tract first enters the midbrain through the _____.
cerebral peduncle
49
The pyramidal tracts projections through the _____ give its name.
meduallary pyramids
50
Corticobulbar projections of the pyramidal tract terminate only in the _____.
brainstem
51
The corticospinal projection innervates the _____.
spinal cord
52
__% of fibers in the cortical spinal tract form the lateral tract.
90
53
__% of fibers in the cortical spinal tract form the ventral tract.
10
54
_____ is the reason why a side of the brain controls the contralateral side of the body.
decussation
55
The corticobulbar tract terminates on motor neurons within the _____.
brainstem motor nuclei
56
The corticospinal tract controls _____.
spinal motor neurons
57
Pyramidal tract neurons innvervate multiple motor neurons that control _____.
multiple/different muscles | maps of movement/coordination
58
__% of axons in the corticospinal tract arise directly from the premotor cortex.
30
59
Activity of the _____ is related to motor planning, preparatory activity, and selection of a movement.
premotor cortex
60
_____ in the prefrontal cortex are responsible for understanding movements of others.
mirror neurons
61
Mirror neurons do not fire when an experimenter _____.
uses a tool
62
Mirror neurons encode _____.
intentions of self and others
63
Extrapyramidal tracts are responsible for _____.
involuntary reflexes, movement and it's modulation
64
Motor control of the brainstem controls _____, _____ and _____.
balance posture gaze
65
Feedforward mechanisms act through the _____ to predict resulting disturbances in stability and generate stabilizing responses.
reticulospinal pathway
66
Extrapyramidal tract projections terminate in the _____.
reticular formation
67
The reticulospinal pathway projects to motorneurons in the spinal cord that control _____ to stabilize posture.
axial and proximal muscles
68
The tectospinal pathway targets the _____.
tectum | superior/inferior colliculus
69
The reticulospinal pathway targets the _____.
pontine and medullary reticular formation
70
The vestibulospinal pathway targets the _____.
lateral and medial vestibular nuclei
71
The colliculospinal pathway from the superior colliculus controls _____ to orient _____.
neck muscles | head and eye movements
72
The reticulospinal pathway controls temporal and spatial coordination of _____.
limb and trunk movements
73
The vestibulospinal pathway controls _____.
reflex control of neck muscles (medial)
74
The vestibular nuclei receive inputs from cranial nerve __.
VIII | inputs from semicircular canal and otolith organ
75
The reticulospinal pathway integrates information from the motor systems to coordinate _____.
automatic movements of locomotion and posture
76
The reticulospinal pathway facilitates and inhibits _____ and influences _____.
voluntary movement | muscle tone

Integrative Neuroscience (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions