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AnaPhy Lec (Midterms) > Somatic and Special Senses > Flashcards

Somatic and Special Senses Flashcards

1
Q

Two types of general senses

A

Somatic senses and visceral senses

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2
Q

type of general senses; includes joint and muscle
position and movement of the
limbs and head

A

Somatic senses

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3
Q

type of general senses; tactile sensation (touch,
pressure, and vibration); thermal (warm and cold)

A

somatic senses

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4
Q

type of general senses; conditions within the internal
organs

A

Visceral senses

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5
Q

● Smell
● Taste
● Vision
● Hearing
● Equilibrium (balance)

A

Special senses

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6
Q

the conscious or subconscious
awareness of changes in the external and
internal environment.

A

Sensation

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7
Q

onscious awareness and
interpretation of sensations and is primarily a
function of the cerebral cortex.

A

Perception

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8
Q

stimulus getting to the brain

A

Sensation

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9
Q

how the cerebral cortex
interprets the sensation.

A

Perception

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10
Q

Four conditions for a sensation to occur

A
  1. The stimulus must occur and activate
    a receptor. Stimulus is any change in
    the environment capable of activating
    certain sensory neurons that can be
    light heat, mechanical energy,
    pressure, etc.
  2. A receptor must then convert the
    stimulus into a nerve impulse.
  3. The nerve impulse must be
    conducted to the brain.
  4. The brain must receive and integrate
    the nerve impulses into a sensation.
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11
Q

Decreases in the strength of sensation
during prolonged stimulus because of
decreases in the responsiveness of
receptors.

A

Adaptation

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12
Q

Two variations of adaptation

A

Rapidly adapting and Slowly adapting

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13
Q

pressure, touch, smell; perfume last only temporarily

A

Rapidly adapting

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14
Q

It adapts slowly and continue to trigger
nerve impulses as long as the stimulus
persist. This is rather protective

A

Slowiy adapting

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15
Q

pain, body position, chemical position of
the blood

A

Slowly adapting

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16
Q

What are the three classifications of receptors according to structure?

A

Free nerve endings, encapsulated nerve endings, separate cells

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17
Q
A
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18
Q

They are structurally the simplest which
are “burden rights” that lack structural
specializations at their ends that can be
seen under a light microscope

A

Free nerve endings

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19
Q

It includes receptors for pain,
temperature, tickle, itch, and some
touch.

A

Free nerve endings

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20
Q

More common for somatic and visceral
sensations such as touch, pressure and
vibration

A

Encapsulated nerve endings

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21
Q

More common for somatic and visceral
sensations such as touch, pressure and
vibration

A

Encapsulated nerve endings

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22
Q

Their dendrites are enclosed in a
connective tissue capsule with
distinctive microscopic structures.

A

Encapsulated nerve endings

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23
Q

In sensory receptors, consist of
specialized separate cells that synapse
with sensory neurons.

A

Separate cells

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24
Q

What are the receptors based on function

A

Mechanoreceptors, Thermoreceptors, Nociceptors, Photoreceptors. Osmoreceptors, Chemoreceptors

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25
It is mechanical energy such as sound waves or pressure changes, electromagnetic energy or chemical energy such as the molecule of glucose.
Mechanoreceptors
26
They are sensitive to mechanical stimuli such as deformation, stretching or bending of cell
Mechanoreceptors
27
Detect changes in temperature
Thermoreceptors
28
Respond to painful stimuli resulting from physical or chemical damage to tissues
Nociceptors
29
Detect light that strikes the retina of the eye
Photoreceptors
30
Detect the osmotic pressure of the body
Osmoreceptors
31
Detects chemicals at the mouth such as taste, nose for smell, and body fluids.
Chemoreceptors
32
Types of receptors based on location
Exteroceptors, Interoceptors, Proprioceptors
33
Located at or near body surface; sensitive to stimuli originating outside body; provide information about external environment; convey visual, smell, taste, touch, pressure, vibration thermal.and pain sensations.
Exteroceptors
34
Located in blood vessels, visceral organs, and nervous system; provide information about internal environment; impulses usually are not consciously perceived but occasionally may be fellas pain or pressure
Interoceptors
35
Located in muscles, tendons, joints, and inner ear; provide information about body position, muscle length and tension, position and motion of joints, and equilibrium
Proprioceptors
36
arise from stimulation of sensory receptors in the skin, mucous membranes, muscles, tendons, and joints. The areas with the largest numbers of sensory receptors are the tip of the tongue, the lips, and the fingertips
Somatic senses
37
Two types of cutaneous mechanoreceptors
Type I Cutaneous Mechanoreceptor and Type II Cutaneous Mechanoreceptor
38
Merkel discs/tactile discs Fingertips, hands, lips, and external genitalia
Type I Cutaneous Mechanoreceptor
39
Ruffini corpuscle Deep in the dermis, ligaments and tendons, hands, and soles Sensitive to stretching
Type II Cutaneous Mechanoreceptor
40
Lower frequency of vibration
Corpuscles of touch
41
Other name of lamellated corpuscles
Pacinian corpuscles
42
Higher frequency vibration
Lamellated corpuscles
43
Other name of corpuscles of touch
Meissner's Corpuscles
44
Thermal receptor
Free nerve endings
45
Receptors for pain
Nociceptors and free nerve endings
46
Where are pain receptors found
Found everywhere except the brain
47
Types of pain
Fast pain and slow pain
48
Rapid Acute, sharp and picking pain Needle puncture, knife cut to the skin Not felt in the deeper tissues of the body
Fast pain
49
A second or more after stimulus Increases in intensity over a period of several seconds or minutes May be excruciating chronic, burning, aching or throbbing pain
Slow pain
50
can occur both in the skin and in deeper tissues or internal organ
Slow pain
51
Pain is felt in the skin near the stimulated organ or in a surface area far from the stimulated organ.
Referred pain
52
Allow us to know where our head and limbs are located and how they are moving even if we are not looking at them
Proprioceptive Sensations
53
Allows us to walk, type or dress, without using our eyes; allows us to estimate our weight
Proprioceptive sensations
54
Where can proprioceptive sensations be found
Muscles, tendons, joints, inner ear
55
The study of the eye and its disorders
Ophthalmology
56
Include smell, sight, taste, hearing, and equilibrium. It allows us to detect changes in the environment.
Special senses
57
The science that deals with the dears nose and throat and their disorders.
Otorhinolarygology
58
The olfactory epithelium in the upper portion of the nasal cavity contains:
Olfactory receptors cells Supporting cells Basal cells
59
How many receptors for the sense of smell
10-100 million
60
decreasing sensitivity to odors (occurs rapidly with olfaction)
adaptation
61
Where are the gustatory receptor cells located?
Taste buds
62
What are the five primary tastes
Salty, sweet, sour, bitter, and umami
63
Where are the taste buds located
Tongue papillae
64
about 12 that contain 100-300 taste buds
Vallate papillae
65
Types of papillae
- Vallate - Fungiform - Foliate - Filiform
66
(scattered over the tongue with about 5 taste buds each
Fungiform papillae
67
located in lateral trenches of the tongue—most of their taste buds degenerate in early childhood
Follate papillae
68
cover the entire surface of the tongue. - Contain tactile receptors but no taste buds. - Increase friction to make it easier for the tongue to move food within the mouth
Fulliform papillae
69
Cranial nerves involved in sense of taste
Facial (VII), glossopharyngeal (IX), and vagus (X).
70
What muscles control eyelid movement
Palpebral muscles
71
responsible for moving the eyeball
Extrinsic eye muscles
72
a thin, protective mucous membrane that lines the eyelids and covers the sclera
Conjunctiva
73
a fold of connective tissue that gives for to the eyelids
Tarsal plate
74
Contains a row of ________ (tarsal glands/meibomian glands) that keeps the eyelids from sticking to each other
sebaceous glands
75
Two cavities of the eyes
Anterior cavity and posterior cavity or vitreous chamber
76
Divided into an anterior and posterior chamber by the Iris (colored portion of the eyeball)
Anterior cavity
77
The posterior and anterior chamber are filled with ______
Aqueous humor
78
What spearates the anterior chamber and posterior chamber in the anterior cavity
Iris
79
Filled with vitreous humor
Posterior cavity or vitreous chamber
80
Fibrous tunic
Cornea and sclera
81
Vascular tunic
Iris, caliary body, choroid
82
site of the sharpest vision
Central of fovea
83
Normal eyesight, sufficiently refract light from an object 6m (20ft) eye
Emmetropic
84
Nearsightedness
Myopia
85
In myopia/nearsightedness, eyeballs are _____ than they should be, and the image converges in front of the retina
Longer
86
A _______ lens is used to correct myopia
Concave
87
Farsightedness, hypermetropia
Hyperopia
88
The eyeball is shorter than it should be and the image converges behind the retina
Hyperopia
89
A _____ lens is used to correct hyperopia
Convex
90
Irregular curvature of the cornea
Astigmatism
91
Main parts of the ear
External, Middle, Internal Ear
92
transmits sound to the eardrum.
external auditory canal
93
Secretes cerumen
Ceruminous gland
94
Captures sound
Auricle
95
Parts of external ear
Auricle/pinna External Auditory canal Tympanic membrane Ceruminous glands
96
Sound vibrations are transmitted from the eardrum through these three bones to the ______ into which the stapes fit.
Oval window
97
3 auditory ossicles
i. Malleus (hammer) ii. Incus (anvil) iii. Stapes (stirrup)
98
regulate air pressure in the middle ear.
Auditory Tube/Eustachian Tube
99
The ear's main part that contains the spiral organ, the organ of hearing.
Inner ear
100
contains utricle and saccule.
Vestibule
101
Which work with the cerebellum for balance and equilibrium?
Semicircular canals
102
translates vibrations into neural impulses that the brain can interpret as sound. It is for hearing.
Cochlea
103
Two types of balance/equilibrium
Static equilibrium and dynamic equilibrium
104
Static equilibrium
refers to the maintenance of the position of the body relative to the force of gravity
105
refers to the maintenance of the position of the body in response to rotational acceleration or deceleration
Dynamic equilibrium
106
Involved in static equilibrium
Vestbule (Saccule and utricle)
107
Involved in dynamic equilibrium
Semicircular canals

AnaPhy Lec (Midterms) (7 decks)

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