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AnaPhy Lec (Midterms) > Somatic and Special Senses > Flashcards

Somatic and Special Senses Flashcards

1
Q

Two types of general senses

A

Somatic senses and visceral senses

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2
Q

type of general senses; includes joint and muscle
position and movement of the
limbs and head

A

Somatic senses

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3
Q

type of general senses; tactile sensation (touch,
pressure, and vibration); thermal (warm and cold)

A

somatic senses

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4
Q

type of general senses; conditions within the internal
organs

A

Visceral senses

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5
Q

● Smell
● Taste
● Vision
● Hearing
● Equilibrium (balance)

A

Special senses

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6
Q

the conscious or subconscious
awareness of changes in the external and
internal environment.

A

Sensation

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7
Q

onscious awareness and
interpretation of sensations and is primarily a
function of the cerebral cortex.

A

Perception

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8
Q

stimulus getting to the brain

A

Sensation

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9
Q

how the cerebral cortex
interprets the sensation.

A

Perception

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10
Q

Four conditions for a sensation to occur

A
  1. The stimulus must occur and activate
    a receptor. Stimulus is any change in
    the environment capable of activating
    certain sensory neurons that can be
    light heat, mechanical energy,
    pressure, etc.
  2. A receptor must then convert the
    stimulus into a nerve impulse.
  3. The nerve impulse must be
    conducted to the brain.
  4. The brain must receive and integrate
    the nerve impulses into a sensation.
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11
Q

Decreases in the strength of sensation
during prolonged stimulus because of
decreases in the responsiveness of
receptors.

A

Adaptation

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12
Q

Two variations of adaptation

A

Rapidly adapting and Slowly adapting

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13
Q

pressure, touch, smell; perfume last only temporarily

A

Rapidly adapting

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14
Q

It adapts slowly and continue to trigger
nerve impulses as long as the stimulus
persist. This is rather protective

A

Slowiy adapting

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15
Q

pain, body position, chemical position of
the blood

A

Slowly adapting

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16
Q

What are the three classifications of receptors according to structure?

A

Free nerve endings, encapsulated nerve endings, separate cells

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17
Q
A
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18
Q

They are structurally the simplest which
are “burden rights” that lack structural
specializations at their ends that can be
seen under a light microscope

A

Free nerve endings

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19
Q

It includes receptors for pain,
temperature, tickle, itch, and some
touch.

A

Free nerve endings

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20
Q

More common for somatic and visceral
sensations such as touch, pressure and
vibration

A

Encapsulated nerve endings

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21
Q

More common for somatic and visceral
sensations such as touch, pressure and
vibration

A

Encapsulated nerve endings

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22
Q

Their dendrites are enclosed in a
connective tissue capsule with
distinctive microscopic structures.

A

Encapsulated nerve endings

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23
Q

In sensory receptors, consist of
specialized separate cells that synapse
with sensory neurons.

A

Separate cells

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24
Q

What are the receptors based on function

A

Mechanoreceptors, Thermoreceptors, Nociceptors, Photoreceptors. Osmoreceptors, Chemoreceptors

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25
Q

It is mechanical energy such as sound
waves or pressure changes,
electromagnetic energy or chemical
energy such as the molecule of glucose.

A

Mechanoreceptors

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26
Q

They are sensitive to mechanical stimuli
such as deformation, stretching or
bending of cell

A

Mechanoreceptors

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27
Q

Detect changes in temperature

A

Thermoreceptors

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28
Q

Respond to painful stimuli resulting from
physical or chemical damage to tissues

A

Nociceptors

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29
Q

Detect light that strikes the retina of the
eye

A

Photoreceptors

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30
Q

Detect the osmotic pressure of the body

A

Osmoreceptors

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31
Q

Detects chemicals at the mouth such as
taste, nose for smell, and body fluids.

A

Chemoreceptors

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32
Q

Types of receptors based on location

A

Exteroceptors, Interoceptors, Proprioceptors

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33
Q

Located at or near body surface; sensitive to stimuli originating outside body; provide information about external environment; convey visual, smell, taste, touch, pressure, vibration thermal.and pain sensations.

A

Exteroceptors

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34
Q

Located in blood vessels, visceral organs, and nervous system; provide information about internal environment; impulses usually are not consciously perceived but occasionally may be fellas pain or pressure

A

Interoceptors

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35
Q

Located in muscles, tendons, joints, and inner ear; provide information about body position, muscle length and tension, position and motion of joints, and equilibrium

A

Proprioceptors

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36
Q

arise from stimulation of sensory receptors in the skin, mucous membranes, muscles, tendons, and joints. The areas with the largest numbers of sensory receptors are the tip of the tongue, the lips, and the fingertips

A

Somatic senses

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37
Q

Two types of cutaneous mechanoreceptors

A

Type I Cutaneous Mechanoreceptor and Type II Cutaneous Mechanoreceptor

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38
Q

Merkel discs/tactile discs
Fingertips, hands, lips, and external genitalia

A

Type I Cutaneous Mechanoreceptor

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39
Q

Ruffini corpuscle
Deep in the dermis, ligaments and tendons, hands, and soles
Sensitive to stretching

A

Type II Cutaneous Mechanoreceptor

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40
Q

Lower frequency of vibration

A

Corpuscles of touch

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41
Q

Other name of lamellated corpuscles

A

Pacinian corpuscles

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42
Q

Higher frequency vibration

A

Lamellated corpuscles

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43
Q

Other name of corpuscles of touch

A

Meissner’s Corpuscles

44
Q

Thermal receptor

A

Free nerve endings

45
Q

Receptors for pain

A

Nociceptors and free nerve endings

46
Q

Where are pain receptors found

A

Found everywhere except the brain

47
Q

Types of pain

A

Fast pain and slow pain

48
Q

Rapid
Acute, sharp and picking pain
Needle puncture, knife cut to the skin
Not felt in the deeper tissues of the body

A

Fast pain

49
Q

A second or more after stimulus
Increases in intensity over a period of several seconds or minutes
May be excruciating chronic, burning, aching or throbbing pain

A

Slow pain

50
Q

can occur both in the skin and in deeper tissues or internal organ

A

Slow pain

51
Q

Pain is felt in the skin near the stimulated organ or in a surface area far from the stimulated organ.

A

Referred pain

52
Q

Allow us to know where our head and limbs are located and how they are moving even if we are not looking at them

A

Proprioceptive Sensations

53
Q

Allows us to walk, type or dress, without using our eyes; allows us to estimate our weight

A

Proprioceptive sensations

54
Q

Where can proprioceptive sensations be found

A

Muscles, tendons, joints, inner ear

55
Q

The study of the eye and its disorders

A

Ophthalmology

56
Q

Include smell, sight, taste, hearing, and equilibrium. It allows us to detect changes in the environment.

A

Special senses

57
Q

The science that deals with the dears nose and throat and their disorders.

A

Otorhinolarygology

58
Q

The olfactory epithelium in the upper portion of the nasal cavity contains:

A

Olfactory receptors cells
Supporting cells
Basal cells

59
Q

How many receptors for the sense of smell

A

10-100 million

60
Q

decreasing sensitivity to odors (occurs rapidly with olfaction)

A

adaptation

61
Q

Where are the gustatory receptor cells located?

A

Taste buds

62
Q

What are the five primary tastes

A

Salty, sweet, sour, bitter, and umami

63
Q

Where are the taste buds located

A

Tongue papillae

64
Q

about 12 that contain 100-300 taste buds

A

Vallate papillae

65
Q

Types of papillae

A
  • Vallate
  • Fungiform
  • Foliate
  • Filiform
66
Q

(scattered over the
tongue with about 5 taste buds each

A

Fungiform papillae

67
Q

located in lateral trenches of the
tongue—most of their taste buds degenerate in early
childhood

A

Follate papillae

68
Q

cover the entire surface
of the tongue.
- Contain tactile receptors but no taste
buds.
- Increase friction to make it easier for the
tongue to move food within the mouth

A

Fulliform papillae

69
Q

Cranial nerves involved in sense of taste

A

Facial (VII), glossopharyngeal (IX), and vagus (X).

70
Q

What muscles control eyelid movement

A

Palpebral muscles

71
Q

responsible for moving the eyeball

A

Extrinsic eye muscles

72
Q

a thin, protective mucous membrane that lines the eyelids and covers the sclera

A

Conjunctiva

73
Q

a fold of connective tissue that gives for to the eyelids

A

Tarsal plate

74
Q

Contains a row of ________ (tarsal glands/meibomian glands) that keeps the eyelids from sticking to each other

A

sebaceous glands

75
Q

Two cavities of the eyes

A

Anterior cavity and posterior cavity or vitreous chamber

76
Q

Divided into an anterior and posterior chamber by the Iris (colored portion of the eyeball)

A

Anterior cavity

77
Q

The posterior and anterior chamber are filled with ______

A

Aqueous humor

78
Q

What spearates the anterior chamber and posterior chamber in the anterior cavity

A

Iris

79
Q

Filled with vitreous humor

A

Posterior cavity or vitreous chamber

80
Q

Fibrous tunic

A

Cornea and sclera

81
Q

Vascular tunic

A

Iris, caliary body, choroid

82
Q

site of the sharpest vision

A

Central of fovea

83
Q

Normal eyesight, sufficiently refract light from an object 6m (20ft) eye

A

Emmetropic

84
Q

Nearsightedness

A

Myopia

85
Q

In myopia/nearsightedness, eyeballs are _____ than they should be, and the image converges in front of the retina

A

Longer

86
Q

A _______ lens is used to correct myopia

A

Concave

87
Q

Farsightedness, hypermetropia

A

Hyperopia

88
Q

The eyeball is shorter than it should be and the image converges behind the retina

A

Hyperopia

89
Q

A _____ lens is used to correct hyperopia

A

Convex

90
Q

Irregular curvature of the cornea

A

Astigmatism

91
Q

Main parts of the ear

A

External, Middle, Internal Ear

92
Q

transmits sound to the eardrum.

A

external auditory canal

93
Q

Secretes cerumen

A

Ceruminous gland

94
Q

Captures sound

A

Auricle

95
Q

Parts of external ear

A

Auricle/pinna
External Auditory canal
Tympanic membrane
Ceruminous glands

96
Q

Sound vibrations are transmitted from the eardrum through these three bones to the ______ into which the stapes fit.

A

Oval window

97
Q

3 auditory ossicles

A

i. Malleus (hammer)
ii. Incus (anvil)
iii. Stapes (stirrup)

98
Q

regulate air pressure in the middle ear.

A

Auditory Tube/Eustachian Tube

99
Q

The ear’s main part that contains the spiral organ, the organ of hearing.

A

Inner ear

100
Q

contains utricle and saccule.

A

Vestibule

101
Q

Which work with the cerebellum for balance and equilibrium?

A

Semicircular canals

102
Q

translates vibrations into neural impulses that the brain can interpret as sound. It is for hearing.

A

Cochlea

103
Q

Two types of balance/equilibrium

A

Static equilibrium and dynamic equilibrium

104
Q

Static equilibrium

A

refers to the maintenance of the position of the body relative to the force of gravity

105
Q

refers to the maintenance of the position of the body in response to rotational acceleration or deceleration

A

Dynamic equilibrium

106
Q

Involved in static equilibrium

A

Vestbule (Saccule and utricle)

107
Q

Involved in dynamic equilibrium

A

Semicircular canals

AnaPhy Lec (Midterms) (7 decks)

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