Lymphatic system and immunity pt 1 Flashcards
1
Q
body’s defense and protection or resistance is the ability to ward off damage or disease through our defenses.
A
Immunity
2
Q
microbes (bacteria and viruses) that have the potential to produce disease
A
Pathogens
3
Q
Type of immunity that is nonspecific, present at birth
A
Innate
4
Q
type of immunity that has a specific response to a specific microbe, T cells, and B cells
A
Adaptive
5
Q
the origin of all of your blood cells
A
Pluripotent stem cell
6
Q
these cells are the most important because they are present in innate immunity
A
Myeloid stem cell
7
Q
except for natural killer cells, these are specific for your adaptive immunity
A
Lymphoid stem cells
8
Q
first to try to phagocytose
A
Neutrophil
9
Q
plasma cell
A
B lymphocyte
10
Q
macrophage
A
Monocyte
11
Q
histamine
A
Mast cell
12
Q
Assists in circulating body fluids and helps defend the body against disease-causing agents.
A
Lymphatic system
13
Q
produced by the filtration of interstitial fluid into lymphatic capillaries
A
Lymph
14
Q
vessels that transport the lymph
A
Lymphatic vessels
15
Q
containing lymphatic tissue (lymphocytes within a filtering tissue)
A
Lymphatic organs
16
Q
create lymphocytes in femur
A
Red Bone Marrow
17
Q
a specialized form of reticular connective tissue that contains large numbers of lymphocytes
A
Lymphatic Tissues
18
Q
agranular white blood cells
A
Lymphocytes
19
Q
two types of lymphocytes participate in adaptive immune responses.
A
B cells and T cells
20
Q
3 primary functions of lymph
A
Drains excess interstitial fluid, Transports dietary lipids & Carries out immune response
21
Q
excessive fluid
A
Edema
22
Q
it drain excess interstitial fluid from tissue spaces and return it to the blood
A
Lymphatic vessels
23
Q
its unique one-way structure permits interstitial fluid to flow into them but not out
A
Lymphatic capillaries
24
Q
carry dietary lipids into lymphatic vessels and ultimately into the blood
A
Lymphatic capillaries
25
The presence of these lipids causes the lymph draining from the small intestine to appear creamy white
Chyle
26
found throughout the body except in avascular tissues, the central nervous system, portions of the spleen, and bone marrow.
Lymphatic capillaries
27
important function is to return the lost plasma proteins and plasma to the bloodstream; contain lymph nodes; drains into the right lymphatic duct or thoracic duct
Lymphatic vessels
28
filters lymph; contains T and B cells
Lymph nodes
29
drain lymph from the lower limbs, the wall and viscera of the pelvis, the kidneys, the adrenal glands, and the abdominal wall
Lumbar trunks
30
drains lymph from the stomach, intestines, pancreas, spleen, and part of the liver
Intestinal trunk
31
drain lymph from the thoracic wall, lung, and heart
bronchomediastinal trunks
32
drain the upper limbs
Subclavian trunks
33
drain the head and neck;
Jugular trunks
34
About 38 – 45 cm (15-18 in.) long and begins as a dilation called the cisterna chyli anterior to the second lumbar vertebra; main lymph collecting duct
Thoracic duct
35
drains lymph from the upper right side of the body; about 1.2 cm (0.5 in.) long
Right lymphatic duct
36
two “pumps” that aid the return of venous blood to the heart maintain the flow of lymph
Respiratory pump & skeletal muscle pump
37
lymph flow is maintained by pressure changes that occur during inhalation
Respiratory Pump
38
The “milking action” of skeletal muscle contractions compresses lymphatic vessels and forces lymph toward the junction of the internal jugular and subclavian veins
Skeletal Muscle Pump
39
sites wherein stem cells differentiate into T and B cells; stem cells divide and become immunocompetent, that is, capable of mounting an immune response
Primary lymphatic organs
40
in flat bones and the epiphyses of long bones of adults
Red bone marrow
41
Primary lymphoid organ for maturation of T cells
Thymus
42
in red bone marrow give rise to mature, immunocompetent B cells and to pre-T cells
Pluripotent stem cells
43
in turn migrate to the thymus, where they become immunocompetent T cells.
Pre-T cells
44
migrate from red bone marrow to the cortex of the thymus, where they proliferate and begin to mature when you read your CBC, platelet count, etc.
Immature T cells (pre-T cells)
45
which are derived from monocytes, assist the maturation process.
Dendritic cells
46
help clear out the debris of dead and dying cells. The surviving T cells enter the medulla.
Thymic macrophages
47
consists of widely scattered, more mature T cells, epithelial cells, dendritic cells, and macrophages
Medulla
48
serve as sites of T cell death in the medulla
Thymic (Hassall’s) corpuscles
49
sites where most immune responses occur
Secondary lymphatic organs
50
600 bean-shaped nodes located along lymphatic vessels; Scattered throughout the body, both superficially and deep, and usually occur in groups
Lymph nodes
51
egg-shaped aggregates of B cells called lymphatic nodules.
Outer Cortex
52
The capsular extensions
Trabeculae
53
consisting chiefly of B cells is called a primary lymphatic nodule. Most lymphatic nodules in the outer cortex are secondary lymphatic nodule
Lymphatic Nodules
54
does not contain lymphatic nodules.
Inner cortex
55
Largest single mass of lymphatic tissue in the body; It is a soft , encapsulated organ of variable size, but on average it fits in a person’s open hand and measures about 12 cm (5 in.)
Spleen
56
lymphatic tissue, consisting mostly of lymphocytes and macrophages; arranged around branches of the splenic artery called central arteries.
White pulp
57
blood-filled venous sinuses and cords of splenic tissue consisting of red blood cells, macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells, and granular leukocytes
Red pulp
58
Egg- shaped masses of lymphoid tissue; scattered throughout the lamina propria (connective tissue) of mucous membranes lining the gastrointestinal, urinary, reproductive tracts, respiratory airways
Lymphatic nodules (tonsils)
59
embedded in the posterior wall of the nasopharynx
Pharyngeal tonsil or adenoid
60
lie at the posterior region of the oral cavity, one on either side; these are the tonsils commonly removed in a tonsillectomy.
Two palatine tonsils
61
located at the base of the tongue, may also require removal during a tonsillectomy
Paired lingual tonsils
62
considered organs because each is surrounded by a connective tissue capsule; lymphatic nodules, in contrast, are not considered organs because they lack a capsule
The thymus, and spleen
63
It includes the external physical and chemical barriers provided by the skin and mucous membranes. It also includes various internal defenses, such as antimicrobial substances, natural killer cells, phagocytes, inflammation, and fever.
Innate immunity
64
provide both physical and chemical barriers that discourage pathogens and foreign substances from penetrating the body and causing disease.
Skin and mucous membranes
65
epithelial layer of skin, physical barrier to the entrance of microbes; removes microbes via shedding
Epidermis
66
secretes mucus that lubricates and moistens the cavity surface. Since mucus is slightly viscous, it traps microbes and foreign substances
Mucous membranes
67
manufactures and drains away tears in response to irritants. It produces tears, lysozyme (enzyme capable of breaking down the cell walls of certain bacteria – also present in saliva, perspiration, nasal secretions, and tissue fluids)
Lacrimal apparatus
68
oral cavity; produced by salivary glands, washes microbes from the surfaces of the teeth and form the mucous membrane of the mouth
Saliva
69
(cleansing of the urethra)
Flow of urine
70
(move microbes out of the body in females – slightly acidic),
vaginal secretions
71
sebum (unsaturated fatty acids in it inhibit the growth of certain pathogenic bacteria and fungi), perspiration (helps flush microbes from the surface of the skin), gastric juice (mixture of hydrochloric acid, enzymes and mucus; pH 1.2-3.0, strong acidity destroys many bacteria and most bacterial toxins)
Chemical barrier
72
When pathogens penetrate the physical and chemical barriers of the skin and mucous membranes
Second line of defense
73
it diffuse to uninfected neighboring cells once released, where they induce synthesis of antiviral proteins that interfere with viral replication
Interferons
74
3 types of interferons
alpha-, beta-, and gamma-IFN
75
group of normally inactive proteins in blood plasma and on plasma membranes make up this system; when activated, these proteins “complement” or enhance certain immune reactions
Complement system
76
Inhibit the growth of certain bacteria by reducing the amount of available iron
Iron-binding proteins
77
short peptides that have a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity; it attract dendritic cells and mast cells, which participate in immune responses
Antimicrobial proteins (AMPs)
78
specialized cells that perform phagocytosis (the ingestion of microbes or other particles such as cellular debris)
Phagocytes
79
5-10% of lymphocytes in the blood; have the ability to kill a wide variety of microbes and certain tumor cells
Natural killer cells
80
Nonspecific defensive response of the body to tissue damage
Inflammation
81
collection of dead cells and fluids; Within a few days, a pocket of dead phagocytes and damaged tissue forms
Pus formation
82
abnormally high body temperature that occurs because the hypothalamic thermostat is reset;
Fever
