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AnaPhy Lec (Midterms) > Blood and Circulatory System > Flashcards

Blood and Circulatory System Flashcards

1
Q

Sac that engulfs the heart
and heart vessels around
it—it protects and keeps the
heart in place

A

Pericardium

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2
Q

Two layers of pericardium

A

Outer Fibrous (Fibrous Pericardium) and Inner Serous (Serous Pericardium)

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3
Q

Three layers of heart wall

A

Epicardium, Myocardium, Endocardium

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4
Q

Most superficial layer of the heart wall

A

Epicardium

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5
Q

cardiac muscle tissue and is the bulk
of the heart; It is the thickest

A

Myocardium

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6
Q

striated and involuntary
muscle that is branched and
contains intercalated discs
and gap junctions

A

Cardiac muscle tissue

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7
Q

This is 95% of the heart wall and is responsible for the pumping action of the heart

A

Myocardium

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8
Q

The innermost covering of
the heart/inner lining of your
heart.

A

Endocardium

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9
Q

emerges from
the right ventricle

A

Pulmonary trunk

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10
Q

emerges from
the left ventricle

A

Ascending Aorta

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11
Q

Muscle that provides a smooth lining
for the chambers of the heart and covers
the valves of the heart

A

endothelium

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12
Q

The _____ of the heart is located inferiorly
and directed to the left. The base and
superior parts are where all the structures
emerge.

A

apex

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13
Q

brings
the blood away from the heart. It
branches to your right and left, and
transfers deoxygenated blood to the
lungs to make it oxygenated. The
oxygenated blood will then return to
the heart. And then, push through
the aorta in order to supply the rest
of the body

A

Pulmonary artery or trunk

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14
Q

Anything that brings blood away from the
heart is called

A

artery

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15
Q

This is the two upper chambers and stands for “chambers”

A

Atria

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16
Q

Two little chambers that are also known as little bellies

A

Ventricles

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17
Q

anything that divides two
chambers

A

Septum

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18
Q

Wrinkled pouchlike structure
(Resemblance of dog ear); increases the
capacity of an atrium so that it can
hold a greater volume of blood

A

Auricle

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19
Q
  • Surface of the heart is a series of
    grooves; marks the external boundary between two chambers
A

Sulci

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20
Q

Encircles most of the heart and
marks the external boundary
between the superior atria and
inferior ventricles.

A

Coronary Sulcus

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21
Q

Shallow groove on the anterior
surface of the heart that marks the
external boundary between the
right and left ventricles on the
ANTERIOR aspect of the heart

A

Anterior Interventricular Sulcus

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22
Q

Marks the external boundary
between the ventricles on the
POSTERIOR aspect of the hear

A

Posterior Interventricular Sulcus

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23
Q

What supplies blood to the right atrium

A

Superior vena cava
Inferior vena cava
Coronary sinus

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24
Q

It is connected to the right
ventricle via the tricuspid
valve

A

Right atrium

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25
Q

Opening in the interatrial
septum of the heart and normally closes
soon after birth

A

Foramen Ovale

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26
Q

Also called the right atrioventricular valve

A

Tricuspid valve

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27
Q

once the blood
flow goes through ______, it will be pumped towards the pulmonary trunk

A

Right ventricle

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28
Q

it is responsible
for the left & right pulmonary arteries
which are the pathway to your lungs.

A

Pulmonary Trunk

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29
Q
  • from the lungs, the
    blood will be oxygenated and then it
    will return to your _______
A

Left atrium

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30
Q

Blood Passes from Left atrium to
left ventricle through _____

A

Bicuspid valve

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31
Q
  • from the left atrium,
    the blood will be brought down to
    your ______
A

Left ventricle

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32
Q

Temporary blood vessel
during fetal life; Shunts blood from the
pulmonary trunk into the
aorta

A

Ductus arteriosus

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33
Q

Why are the valves important?

A

The valves are important in keeping
the blood in their chambers. So, if the
valve is diseased or damaged, it will
affect the flow of the blood or perform
its job properly.

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34
Q

The color blue usually represents

A

deoxygenated blood

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35
Q

The color red usually represents

A

oxygenated blood

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36
Q
  • drains
    the blood from the upper part
    of the body. From the
    superior part and drains into
    the right atrium.
A

Superior Vena Cava

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37
Q

drains the blood from the lower
body or all the structures below the heart

A

Inferior Vena Cava

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38
Q

drains the
deoxygenated blood from the
heart itself. Major vein of the
heart.

A

Coronary Sinus

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39
Q

draws oxygenated blood
from the left ventricle

A

Ascending/Descending Aorta

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40
Q

delivers
oxygenated blood from the
heart to the rest of the
arteries of the body

A

Blood vessels

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41
Q

Why do ventricles have thicker walls?

A

Ventricles have thicker walls
because they pump blood under
higher pressure over greater
distances

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42
Q

Pumps blood in greater distance to all other body parts of the body at higher pressure; resistance to blood flow is large

A

Left ventricle

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43
Q

Valve the lies between the atrium and ventricles

A

Atrioventricular Valves-

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44
Q

The two antrioventricular valves

A

Tricuspid valve and bicuspid valve

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45
Q

Has 3 cusps

A

Tricuspid valve

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46
Q

Has 2 cusps

A

Bicuspid valve

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47
Q

The two semilunar valves

A

Pulmonary valve and aortic valve

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48
Q

opening of
the pulmonary trunk which
leaves the right ventricle
going to the lungs.

A

Pulmonary valve

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49
Q

Flows from high BP to low BP (normal concentration gradient)

A

Blood Flow

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50
Q

controlled by the unison contraction and relaxation of the myocardium as well as the opening and closing of valves

A

Blood Flow

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51
Q

What are the two types of circuits in heart pumping/ blood flow

A

systemic circulation and pulmonary circulation.

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52
Q

Order of Blood Flow:

A
  1. Superior and Inferior Vena Cava + Coronary Sinus
  2. Right Atrium
  3. Tricuspid Valve
  4. Right Ventricle
  5. Pulmonary Trunk
  6. Pulmonary Arteries
  7. Lungs (Oxygenated)
  8. Pulmonary Veins
  9. Left Atrium
  10. Bicuspid (Mitral) Valve
  11. Left Ventricle
  12. Aortic Valve
  13. Ascending Aorta (capillaries of head and upper limbs) and Descending Aorta (capillaries of the trunk and lower limbs)
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53
Q

BLOOD SUPPLY OF THE HEART:

Supplies the muscle of the heart and other structures

A

Ascending Aorta → Right and Left Coronary Arteries

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54
Q

BLOOD SUPPLY OF THE HEART

passes inferior to the left auricle and divides into the anterior interventricular and circumflex branches

A

Left Coronary Artery

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55
Q

supplies oxygenated blood to the walls of both ventricles.

A

Interventricular Branch

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56
Q

lies in coronary sulcus and distrivutes oxygenated blood to the walls of the left ventricle and left atrium.

A

Circumflex branch

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57
Q

BLOOD SUPPLY OF THE HEART

  • Supplies small branches (atrial branches) to the right atrium.
  • Continues inferior to the right auricle and ultimately divides into the posterior interventricular and marginal branches
A

Right Coronary Artery

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58
Q

Transports oxygenated blood to the wall of the right ventricle.

A

Marginal Branch

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59
Q

Connection of most parts of the body receive blood from branches of more than one artery, and where two or more arteries supply the same region, they usually connect.

A

Anastomoses

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60
Q

Provides alternate routes in the anastomoses

A

Collateral Circulation

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61
Q

BLOOD SUPPLY OF THE HEART

Blood is drained from the heart by the coronary sinus and to the right atrium.

A

Coronary Sinus → Right Atrium

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62
Q

Most of the deoxygenated blood from the myocardium drains into a large vascular sinus in the coronary sulcus on the posterior surface of the heart

A

Coronary Sinus

acts as drainage

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63
Q

Coronary Sinus

The principal tributaries carrying blood into the coronary sinus are the following:

A
  • Great Cardiac Vein
  • Middle Cardiac Vein
  • Small Cardiac Vein
  • Anterior Cardiac Vein
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64
Q

Coronary Sinus:

in the anterior interventricular sulcus, which drains the areas of the heart supplied by the left coronary artery y (left and right ventricles and left atrium)

A

Great Cardiac Vein

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65
Q

Coronary Sinus

in the posterior interventricular sulcus, which drains the areas supplied by the posterior interventricular branch of the right coronary artery (left and right ventricles)

A

Middle Cardiac Vein

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66
Q

Coronary Sinus

In the coronary sulcus, whichh drains the right atrium and right ventricle

A

Small Cardiac Vein

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67
Q

Coronary Sinus:

which drain the right ventricle and open directly into the right atrium

A

Anterior Cardiac Veins

68
Q
  • The reestablishment of blood flow, may damage the tissue further.
  • This surprising effect is due to the formation of oxygen free radicals from the reintroduced oxygen.
A

Reperfusion

69
Q

what accumulate in the coronary arteries? ; blood is not able to pass through it properly therefore the heart is not supplied.

A

Fats

Fatty areteries will cause blockage

70
Q
  • refers to the set route for action potentials to occur to ensure coordinated heart muscle contraction.
  • 1% of cardiac muscle fibers are specialized—able to conduct action potentials in an organized and rhythmic manner (natural pacemakers).
A

Conduction System

71
Q
  • Located in the right atrial wall just inferior and lateral to the opening of the superior vena cava
  • Don’t hace a stable resting potential, rather they repeatedly depolarize to threshold spontaneously.
A

Sinoatrial Node

72
Q

what is the other name for SA node

A

pacemaker

73
Q
  • Located in the interatrial septum
  • The action potential slows considerably as a result of various diff erences in cell structure
  • This delay provides time for the atria to empty their blood into the ventricles
A

Atrioventricular node (AV node)

74
Q

After propagating through the AV bundle, the action potential enters both the ____

A

Bundle Branches

75
Q

Conduction system:

extends through the interventricular septum toward the apex of the heart

A

Bundle Branches

76
Q
  • Rapidly conduct the action potential beginning at the apex of the heart upward to the remainder of the ventricular myocardium.
  • Then the ventricles contract, pushing the blood upward toward the semilunar valves
A

Purkinje Fibers

77
Q

Conduction system

Enumerate the order of contraction

A

atrium→ventricles→ rest of the cardiac muscle fibers

78
Q

autorhythmic fibers in the SA node would initiate an action potential about every ____, or ____ times per minute.

A

0.6 second, or 100 times per minute.

79
Q

muscle action potentials are recorded by electrodes that are attached to the skin

A

Electrocardiogram

ECG or EKG

80
Q

electrocardiogram

atrial depolarization (atrial contraction)

A

P wave

81
Q

electrocardiogram

downward deflection

A

Q wave

QRS Complex

82
Q

Electrocardiogram

Large upright triangular wave

A

R wave

QRS complex

83
Q

electrocardiogram

downward wave

A

S wave

QRS comples

84
Q

Electrocardiogram

Ventricular Depolarization (ventricular contraction)

A

QRS complex

85
Q

Electrocardiogram

Ventricular repolarization (ventricular relaxation)

A

T wave

86
Q

Larger P waves means?

A

Indicate enlargement of an atrium

87
Q

Enlarged Q wave means?

A

may indicate a myocardial infarction

88
Q

Enlarged R wave means?

A

generally indicated enlarged ventricles

89
Q

Flat T wave means?

A

heart muscles is receiving insufficient oxygen

90
Q

One cardiac cycle = ?

A

One cardiac cycle = one heartbeat

91
Q

When two atria contract (open tricuspid and bicuspid valves) =

A

When two atria contract (open tricuspid and bicuspid valves) = two ventricles relax

vice versa

92
Q

phase of contraction (upper BP value)

A

systole

93
Q

phase of relaxation (lower BP value)

A

Diastole

94
Q

what are the three phases of the cardiac cycle?

A
  1. Relxation Period
  2. Atrial Systole
  3. Ventricular Systole
95
Q

cardiac cycle

  • begins at the end of a cardiac cycle; ventricles relax and all four chambers are in diastole (T wave)
  • Lasts about 0.4 sec
    The atria and the ventricles are both relaxed
  • As the heart beats faster and faster, the relaxation period becomes shorter and shorter, whereas the durations of atrial systole and ventricular systole shorten only slightly
A

Relaxation Period

96
Q

cardiac cycle

  • contraction of atria (P wave)
  • Lasts about 0.1 sec
  • The atria are contracting. At the same time, the ventricles are relaxed.
A

Atrial Systole

97
Q

cardiac cycle

  • contraction of ventricles (QRS complex)
  • Lasts about 0.3 sec
  • the ventricles are contracting. At the same time, the atria are relaxed in atrial diastole.
A

Ventricular systole

98
Q

The act of listening to sounds within the body, is usually done with a stethoscope.

A

Auscultation

99
Q

lubb sound, louder and a bit longer than the second sound

A

First Sound (S2)

100
Q

dupp sound

A

Second Sound (S2)

101
Q
  • aka “volume of blood ejected per minute”
  • Unit is liters per minute
A

Cardiac output

102
Q

what is the formula for cardiac output

A

formula: stroke volume x heart rate

stroke volume = 70mL and heart rate = 75bpm
70mL x 75bpm = 5.35 L/min

Example above

103
Q
  1. degree of stretch - larger stretch means greater force
  2. forcefulness of contraction
  3. pressure required to eject blood (blood pressure)
A

three factors of cardiac output

104
Q

regulation done by the nervous system is done in the cardiovascular center (CV Center) in the medulla oblongata

A

Autonomic heart rate regulation

105
Q

A person’s cardiovascular fitness can be improved at any age with regular exercise.

A

Exercise

106
Q

any activity that works large body muscle for at least 20 minutes, elevates cardiac output and accelerates metabolic rate. The cardiac output is elevated because the muscles required more oxygen therefore it gives signals to the medulla oblongata to pump faster to supply the needed oxygen.

A

Aerobic Exercise

107
Q

sessions a week are usually recommended for improving the health of the cardiovascular system.

A

Three to Five

108
Q

increases the oxygen demand of the muscles.

A

Sustained exercises

109
Q

helps to reduce blood pressure, anxiety and depression; control weight; and increase the body’s ability to dissolve blood clot

A

Regular Exercise

110
Q

Components of blood in a normal adult

A

Blood plasma - 55%
Buffy coat (wbc + platelets)
RBC - 45%

111
Q

composition of blood plasma

A

91% water
7% proteins
1.5% solutes other than proteins

112
Q

Plasma proteins

A

Albumin 54% for maintaining blood osmotic pressure

Globulin 38% antibodies

Fibrinogen 7% blood clots

113
Q

components of whole blood

A

RBC / erythrocytes
WBC / leukocytes
Platelets / thrombocytes

114
Q

types of leukocytes

A

Granular
Agranular

115
Q

Granular leukocytes

A

Neutrophil: 60-70% of all WBC’s
- first responders to bacterial infection

Eosinophils: 2-4%
- inflammation in allergic reactions and parasites

Basophils: 0.5-1%
- inflammatory and allergic reactions; frees heparin, histamine, and serotonin

116
Q

Agranular leukocytes

A

T and B lymphocytes and natural killer cells: 20-25%

Monocytes: 3-8%
-largest wbc, macrophages

117
Q

platelets

A

(thrombocytes)
150,000-400,000/μL

118
Q

RBC

A

Erythrocytes 4.8-5.4 million/ μL

119
Q

WBC

A

leukocytes
5000-10,000/μL

combats microbes by phagocytosis/ producing antibodies

120
Q

hemoglobin

A

oxygen carrying protein, responsible for red colofing

they are biconcave discs 8 μm in diameter.

121
Q

body’s response to prevent blood leakage and hemorrhage due to injured blood vessels

A

hemostasis

122
Q

3 mechanisms of hemostasis

A

vascular spasm
platelet plug formation
blood clotting

123
Q

contraction of smoot muscle walls of injured blood vessels aka vasoconstriction

A

vascular spasm

124
Q

platelets gather and change configuration to form a covering over an injured vessel

A

platelet plug formation

125
Q

fibrin threads are produced to prevent further blood loss

A

blood clotting

126
Q

are genetically determined substances that produce antibodies present on the surface of RBCs; composed on glycolipids and glycoproteins.

A

antigens

127
Q

revolve around the presence of either A antigens or B antigens.

A

ABO blood groups

128
Q

contains either Anti-A antibodies and Anti-B antibodies

A

blood plasma

129
Q

2 pathways of blood clotting

A

extrinsic and intrinsic pathways

130
Q

Rh blood group (rhesus factor)

A

Rh (+) - contains the antigen
Rh (-) - does not contain the antigen

131
Q

has anti-b antibody

A

Type a

132
Q

has anti-a antibody

A

type b

133
Q

has neither antibodies

A

types ab

134
Q

has both anti-a and anti-b antibodies

A

type o

135
Q

regulation done by the nervous system is done in the cardiovascular center (CV Center) in the medulla oblongata

A

Autonomic heart rate regulation

136
Q

Cardiac output is also known as?

A

“volume of blood ejected per minute”

137
Q

What is the formula for cardiac output?

A

stroke volume x heart rate

138
Q

What are the 3 factors of cardiac output?

A
  1. degree of stretch (larger stretch means greater force)
  2. forcefulness of contraction
  3. the pressure required to eject blood (blood pressure)
139
Q

This detects O2 and CO2 presence

A

chemoreceptors

140
Q

It increases the oxygen demand of the muscles.

A

Sustained exercise

141
Q

It is an activity that helps to reduce blood pressure, anxiety and depression; control weight; and increase the body’s ability to dissolve blood clots.

A

Regular exercise

142
Q

carries oxygenated blood from the ascending and descending aorta away from the heart

A

arteries

143
Q

What are the three layers of arteries?

A

has three layers: endothelium, smooth muscle, and an outer layer

144
Q

a smaller version of the artery that branches off that regulates blood flow from the arteries to the capillaries

A

Arterioles

145
Q

exchange vessels between arterioles and venules; O2 and CO2 exchange also happens; it is smaller than arterioles

A

Capillaries

146
Q

What are the layers of capillaries?

A

has three layers: lumen, endothelium, and basement membrane

147
Q

drains deoxygenated blood into the veins; walls are thinner near the capillary end and thicker toward the heart

A

Venules

148
Q

carries deoxygenated blood to the superior and inferior vena cava; some of it are positioned either superficially or deep in the body

A

Veins

149
Q

There’s a decrease in diameter of the blood vessel; occurs when there is vascular damage to reduce the amount of blood loss

A

Vasoconstriction

150
Q

There’s an increase in diameter of a blood vessel; occurs when organs need increased blood volume (e.g. exercise)

A

Vasodilation

151
Q

It is generated by the contraction of ventricles; aka the pressure exerted on the walls of the blood vessel

A

Blood pressure

152
Q

It refers to the opposition to blood flow

A

Vascular resistance

153
Q

What factor of blood flow states that vascular resistance is greater in arteries since the lumen is smaller

A

size of the blood vessel lumen

154
Q

What factor of blood flow states that shorter length = greater resistance

A

blood vessel length

155
Q

It controls blood pressure and blood flow through: heart rate, stroke volume, vascular resistance and blood volume.

A

Negative Feedback Systems

156
Q

It regulates heart rate and stroke volume; neural and hormonal negative feedback systems; receives input from proprioceptors, baroreceptors and chemoreceptors

A

cardiovascular (CV) center in the medulla oblongata

157
Q

What hormone do kidneys secrete this enzyme to increase BP?

A

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone (RAA) system

158
Q

It is your sympathetic stimulation that increases cardiac output (fight or flight).

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

159
Q

What hormone do the hypothalamus and posterior pituitary gland causes vasoconstriction and increased BP?

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

160
Q

What hormone do atria cause vasodilation and reduce BP?

A

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

161
Q

It is organized into circulatory routes that carry blood throughout the body.

A

Blood vessels

162
Q

It includes the arteries and arterioles that carry blood containing O2 and nutrients from the left ventricle to systemic capillaries throughout the body, plus the veins and venules that return blood containing CO2 and wastes to the right atrium.

A

Systemic circulation

163
Q

All systemic arteries branch from the aorta. The parts of the aorta include the _

A

ascending aorta, the arch of the aorta, the thoracic aorta, and the abdominal aorta.

164
Q

Where do the right and left coronary arteries supply?

A

heart

165
Q

Is a failure of the cardiovascular system to deliver enough O2 and nutrients to meet metabolic needs.

A

Shock

166
Q

Divides to form the right subclavian artery and right common carotid artery

A

Brachiocephalic Trunk

167
Q

Extends from the brachiocephalic trunk and then passes into the armpit (axilla)

A

AnaPhy Lec (Midterms) (7 decks)

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