Blood and Circulatory System Flashcards
1
Q
Sac that engulfs the heart
and heart vessels around
it—it protects and keeps the
heart in place
A
Pericardium
2
Q
Two layers of pericardium
A
Outer Fibrous (Fibrous Pericardium) and Inner Serous (Serous Pericardium)
3
Q
Three layers of heart wall
A
Epicardium, Myocardium, Endocardium
4
Q
Most superficial layer of the heart wall
A
Epicardium
5
Q
cardiac muscle tissue and is the bulk
of the heart; It is the thickest
A
Myocardium
6
Q
striated and involuntary
muscle that is branched and
contains intercalated discs
and gap junctions
A
Cardiac muscle tissue
7
Q
This is 95% of the heart wall and is responsible for the pumping action of the heart
A
Myocardium
8
Q
The innermost covering of
the heart/inner lining of your
heart.
A
Endocardium
9
Q
emerges from
the right ventricle
A
Pulmonary trunk
10
Q
emerges from
the left ventricle
A
Ascending Aorta
11
Q
Muscle that provides a smooth lining
for the chambers of the heart and covers
the valves of the heart
A
endothelium
12
Q
The _____ of the heart is located inferiorly
and directed to the left. The base and
superior parts are where all the structures
emerge.
A
apex
13
Q
brings
the blood away from the heart. It
branches to your right and left, and
transfers deoxygenated blood to the
lungs to make it oxygenated. The
oxygenated blood will then return to
the heart. And then, push through
the aorta in order to supply the rest
of the body
A
Pulmonary artery or trunk
14
Q
Anything that brings blood away from the
heart is called
A
artery
15
Q
This is the two upper chambers and stands for “chambers”
A
Atria
16
Q
Two little chambers that are also known as little bellies
A
Ventricles
17
Q
anything that divides two
chambers
A
Septum
18
Q
Wrinkled pouchlike structure
(Resemblance of dog ear); increases the
capacity of an atrium so that it can
hold a greater volume of blood
A
Auricle
19
Q
- Surface of the heart is a series of
grooves; marks the external boundary between two chambers
A
Sulci
20
Q
Encircles most of the heart and
marks the external boundary
between the superior atria and
inferior ventricles.
A
Coronary Sulcus
21
Q
Shallow groove on the anterior
surface of the heart that marks the
external boundary between the
right and left ventricles on the
ANTERIOR aspect of the heart
A
Anterior Interventricular Sulcus
22
Q
Marks the external boundary
between the ventricles on the
POSTERIOR aspect of the hear
A
Posterior Interventricular Sulcus
23
Q
What supplies blood to the right atrium
A
Superior vena cava
Inferior vena cava
Coronary sinus
24
Q
It is connected to the right
ventricle via the tricuspid
valve
A
Right atrium
25
Opening in the interatrial
septum of the heart and normally closes
soon after birth
Foramen Ovale
26
Also called the right atrioventricular valve
Tricuspid valve
27
once the blood
flow goes through ______, it will be pumped towards the pulmonary trunk
Right ventricle
28
it is responsible
for the left & right pulmonary arteries
which are the pathway to your lungs.
Pulmonary Trunk
29
- from the lungs, the
blood will be oxygenated and then it
will return to your _______
Left atrium
30
Blood Passes from Left atrium to
left ventricle through _____
Bicuspid valve
31
- from the left atrium,
the blood will be brought down to
your ______
Left ventricle
32
Temporary blood vessel
during fetal life; Shunts blood from the
pulmonary trunk into the
aorta
Ductus arteriosus
33
Why are the valves important?
The valves are important in keeping
the blood in their chambers. So, if the
valve is diseased or damaged, it will
affect the flow of the blood or perform
its job properly.
34
The color blue usually represents
deoxygenated blood
35
The color red usually represents
oxygenated blood
36
- drains
the blood from the upper part
of the body. From the
superior part and drains into
the right atrium.
Superior Vena Cava
37
drains the blood from the lower
body or all the structures below the heart
Inferior Vena Cava
38
drains the
deoxygenated blood from the
heart itself. Major vein of the
heart.
Coronary Sinus
39
draws oxygenated blood
from the left ventricle
Ascending/Descending Aorta
40
delivers
oxygenated blood from the
heart to the rest of the
arteries of the body
Blood vessels
41
Why do ventricles have thicker walls?
Ventricles have thicker walls
because they pump blood under
higher pressure over greater
distances
42
Pumps blood in greater distance to all other body parts of the body at higher pressure; resistance to blood flow is large
Left ventricle
43
Valve the lies between the atrium and ventricles
Atrioventricular Valves-
44
The two antrioventricular valves
Tricuspid valve and bicuspid valve
45
Has 3 cusps
Tricuspid valve
46
Has 2 cusps
Bicuspid valve
47
The two semilunar valves
Pulmonary valve and aortic valve
48
opening of
the pulmonary trunk which
leaves the right ventricle
going to the lungs.
Pulmonary valve
49
Flows from high BP to low BP (normal concentration gradient)
Blood Flow
50
controlled by the unison contraction and relaxation of the myocardium as well as the opening and closing of valves
Blood Flow
51
What are the two types of circuits in heart pumping/ blood flow
systemic circulation and pulmonary circulation.
52
Order of Blood Flow:
1. Superior and Inferior Vena Cava + Coronary Sinus
2. Right Atrium
3. Tricuspid Valve
4. Right Ventricle
5. Pulmonary Trunk
6. Pulmonary Arteries
7. Lungs (Oxygenated)
8. Pulmonary Veins
9. Left Atrium
10. Bicuspid (Mitral) Valve
11. Left Ventricle
12. Aortic Valve
13. Ascending Aorta (capillaries of head and upper limbs) and Descending Aorta (capillaries of the trunk and lower limbs)
53
# BLOOD SUPPLY OF THE HEART:
Supplies the muscle of the heart and other structures
Ascending Aorta → Right and Left Coronary Arteries
54
# BLOOD SUPPLY OF THE HEART
passes inferior to the left auricle and divides into the anterior interventricular and circumflex branches
Left Coronary Artery
55
supplies oxygenated blood to the walls of both ventricles.
Interventricular Branch
56
lies in coronary sulcus and distrivutes oxygenated blood to the walls of the left ventricle and left atrium.
Circumflex branch
57
# BLOOD SUPPLY OF THE HEART
* Supplies small branches (atrial branches) to the right atrium.
* Continues inferior to the right auricle and ultimately divides into the posterior interventricular and marginal branches
Right Coronary Artery
58
Transports oxygenated blood to the wall of the right ventricle.
Marginal Branch
59
Connection of most parts of the body receive blood from branches of more than one artery, and where two or more arteries supply the same region, they usually connect.
Anastomoses
60
Provides alternate routes in the anastomoses
Collateral Circulation
61
# BLOOD SUPPLY OF THE HEART
Blood is drained from the heart by the coronary sinus and to the right atrium.
Coronary Sinus → Right Atrium
62
Most of the deoxygenated blood from the myocardium drains into a large vascular sinus in the coronary sulcus on the posterior surface of the heart
Coronary Sinus
| acts as drainage
63
# Coronary Sinus
The principal tributaries carrying blood into the coronary sinus are the following:
* Great Cardiac Vein
* Middle Cardiac Vein
* Small Cardiac Vein
* Anterior Cardiac Vein
64
# Coronary Sinus:
in the anterior interventricular sulcus, which drains the areas of the heart supplied by the left coronary artery y (left and right ventricles and left atrium)
Great Cardiac Vein
65
# Coronary Sinus
in the posterior interventricular sulcus, which drains the areas supplied by the posterior interventricular branch of the right coronary artery (left and right ventricles)
Middle Cardiac Vein
66
# Coronary Sinus
In the coronary sulcus, whichh drains the right atrium and right ventricle
Small Cardiac Vein
67
# Coronary Sinus:
which drain the right ventricle and open directly into the right atrium
Anterior Cardiac Veins
68
* The reestablishment of blood flow, may damage the tissue further.
* This surprising effect is due to the formation of oxygen free radicals from the reintroduced oxygen.
Reperfusion
69
what accumulate in the coronary arteries? ; blood is not able to pass through it properly therefore the heart is not supplied.
Fats
| Fatty areteries will cause blockage
70
* refers to the set route for action potentials to occur to ensure coordinated heart muscle contraction.
* 1% of cardiac muscle fibers are specialized—able to conduct action potentials in an organized and rhythmic manner (natural pacemakers).
Conduction System
71
* Located in the right atrial wall just inferior and lateral to the opening of the superior vena cava
* Don’t hace a stable resting potential, rather they repeatedly depolarize to threshold spontaneously.
Sinoatrial Node
72
what is the other name for SA node
pacemaker
73
* Located in the interatrial septum
* The action potential slows considerably as a result of various diff erences in cell structure
* This delay provides time for the atria to empty their blood into the ventricles
Atrioventricular node (AV node)
74
After propagating through the AV bundle, the action potential enters both the ____
Bundle Branches
75
# Conduction system:
extends through the interventricular septum toward the apex of the heart
Bundle Branches
76
* Rapidly conduct the action potential beginning at the apex of the heart upward to the remainder of the ventricular myocardium.
* Then the ventricles contract, pushing the blood upward toward the semilunar valves
Purkinje Fibers
77
# Conduction system
Enumerate the order of contraction
atrium→ventricles→ rest of the cardiac muscle fibers
78
autorhythmic fibers in the SA node would initiate an action potential about every ____, or ____ times per minute.
0.6 second, or 100 times per minute.
79
muscle action potentials are recorded by electrodes that are attached to the skin
Electrocardiogram
| ECG or EKG
80
# electrocardiogram
atrial depolarization (atrial contraction)
P wave
81
# electrocardiogram
downward deflection
Q wave
| QRS Complex
82
# Electrocardiogram
Large upright triangular wave
R wave
| QRS complex
83
# electrocardiogram
downward wave
S wave
| QRS comples
84
# Electrocardiogram
Ventricular Depolarization (ventricular contraction)
QRS complex
85
# Electrocardiogram
Ventricular repolarization (ventricular relaxation)
T wave
86
Larger P waves means?
Indicate enlargement of an atrium
87
Enlarged Q wave means?
may indicate a myocardial infarction
88
Enlarged R wave means?
generally indicated enlarged ventricles
89
Flat T wave means?
heart muscles is receiving insufficient oxygen
90
One cardiac cycle = ?
One cardiac cycle = one heartbeat
91
When two atria contract (open tricuspid and bicuspid valves) =
When two atria contract (open tricuspid and bicuspid valves) = two ventricles relax
| vice versa
92
phase of contraction (upper BP value)
systole
93
phase of relaxation (lower BP value)
Diastole
94
what are the three phases of the cardiac cycle?
1. Relxation Period
2. Atrial Systole
3. Ventricular Systole
95
# cardiac cycle
* begins at the end of a cardiac cycle; ventricles relax and all four chambers are in diastole (T wave)
* Lasts about 0.4 sec
The atria and the ventricles are both relaxed
* As the heart beats faster and faster, the relaxation period becomes shorter and shorter, whereas the durations of atrial systole and ventricular systole shorten only slightly
Relaxation Period
96
# cardiac cycle
* contraction of atria (P wave)
* Lasts about 0.1 sec
* The atria are contracting. At the same time, the ventricles are relaxed.
Atrial Systole
97
# cardiac cycle
* contraction of ventricles (QRS complex)
* Lasts about 0.3 sec
* the ventricles are contracting. At the same time, the atria are relaxed in atrial diastole.
Ventricular systole
98
The act of listening to sounds within the body, is usually done with a stethoscope.
Auscultation
99
**lubb sound**, louder and a bit longer than the second sound
First Sound (S2)
100
**dupp sound**
Second Sound (S2)
101
* aka “volume of blood ejected per minute”
* Unit is liters per minute
Cardiac output
102
what is the formula for cardiac output
formula: stroke volume x heart rate
| stroke volume = 70mL and heart rate = 75bpm
70mL x 75bpm = 5.35 L/min
## Footnote
Example above
103
1. degree of stretch - larger stretch means greater force
2. forcefulness of contraction
3. pressure required to eject blood (blood pressure)
three factors of cardiac output
104
regulation done by the nervous system is done in the cardiovascular center (CV Center) in the medulla oblongata
Autonomic heart rate regulation
105
A person’s cardiovascular fitness can be improved at any age with regular exercise.
Exercise
106
any activity that works large body muscle for at least 20 minutes, elevates cardiac output and accelerates metabolic rate. The cardiac output is elevated because the muscles required more oxygen therefore it gives signals to the medulla oblongata to pump faster to supply the needed oxygen.
Aerobic Exercise
107
sessions a week are usually recommended for improving the health of the cardiovascular system.
Three to Five
108
increases the oxygen demand of the muscles.
Sustained exercises
109
helps to reduce blood pressure, anxiety and depression; control weight; and increase the body’s ability to dissolve blood clot
Regular Exercise
110
Components of blood in a normal adult
Blood plasma - 55%
Buffy coat (wbc + platelets)
RBC - 45%
111
composition of blood plasma
91% water
7% proteins
1.5% solutes other than proteins
112
Plasma proteins
Albumin 54% for maintaining blood osmotic pressure
Globulin 38% antibodies
Fibrinogen 7% blood clots
113
components of whole blood
RBC / erythrocytes
WBC / leukocytes
Platelets / thrombocytes
114
types of leukocytes
Granular
Agranular
115
Granular leukocytes
Neutrophil: 60-70% of all WBC’s
- first responders to bacterial infection
Eosinophils: 2-4%
- inflammation in allergic reactions and parasites
Basophils: 0.5-1%
- inflammatory and allergic reactions; frees heparin, histamine, and serotonin
116
Agranular leukocytes
T and B lymphocytes and natural killer cells: 20-25%
Monocytes: 3-8%
-largest wbc, macrophages
117
platelets
(thrombocytes)
150,000-400,000/μL
118
RBC
Erythrocytes 4.8-5.4 million/ μL
119
WBC
leukocytes
5000-10,000/μL
combats microbes by phagocytosis/ producing antibodies
120
hemoglobin
oxygen carrying protein, responsible for red colofing
they are biconcave discs 8 μm in diameter.
121
body's response to prevent blood leakage and hemorrhage due to injured blood vessels
hemostasis
122
3 mechanisms of hemostasis
vascular spasm
platelet plug formation
blood clotting
123
contraction of smoot muscle walls of injured blood vessels aka vasoconstriction
vascular spasm
124
platelets gather and change configuration to form a covering over an injured vessel
platelet plug formation
125
fibrin threads are produced to prevent further blood loss
blood clotting
126
are genetically determined substances that produce antibodies present on the surface of RBCs; composed on glycolipids and glycoproteins.
antigens
127
revolve around the presence of either A antigens or B antigens.
ABO blood groups
128
contains either Anti-A antibodies and Anti-B antibodies
blood plasma
129
2 pathways of blood clotting
extrinsic and intrinsic pathways
130
Rh blood group (rhesus factor)
Rh (+) - contains the antigen
Rh (-) - does not contain the antigen
131
has anti-b antibody
Type a
132
has anti-a antibody
type b
133
has neither antibodies
types ab
134
has both anti-a and anti-b antibodies
type o
135
regulation done by the nervous system is done in the cardiovascular center (CV Center) in the medulla oblongata
Autonomic heart rate regulation
136
Cardiac output is also known as?
“volume of blood ejected per minute”
137
What is the formula for cardiac output?
stroke volume x heart rate
138
What are the 3 factors of cardiac output?
1. degree of stretch (larger stretch means greater force)
2. forcefulness of contraction
3. the pressure required to eject blood (blood pressure)
139
This detects O2 and CO2 presence
chemoreceptors
140
It increases the oxygen demand of the muscles.
Sustained exercise
141
It is an activity that helps to reduce blood pressure, anxiety and depression; control weight; and increase the body’s ability to dissolve blood clots.
Regular exercise
142
carries oxygenated blood from the ascending and descending aorta away from the heart
arteries
143
What are the three layers of arteries?
has three layers: endothelium, smooth muscle, and an outer layer
144
a smaller version of the artery that branches off that regulates blood flow from the arteries to the capillaries
Arterioles
145
exchange vessels between arterioles and venules; O2 and CO2 exchange also happens; it is smaller than arterioles
Capillaries
146
What are the layers of capillaries?
has three layers: lumen, endothelium, and basement membrane
147
drains deoxygenated blood into the veins; walls are thinner near the capillary end and thicker toward the heart
Venules
148
carries deoxygenated blood to the superior and inferior vena cava; some of it are positioned either superficially or deep in the body
Veins
149
There's a decrease in diameter of the blood vessel; occurs when there is vascular damage to reduce the amount of blood loss
Vasoconstriction
150
There's an increase in diameter of a blood vessel; occurs when organs need increased blood volume (e.g. exercise)
Vasodilation
151
It is generated by the contraction of ventricles; aka the pressure exerted on the walls of the blood vessel
Blood pressure
152
It refers to the opposition to blood flow
Vascular resistance
153
What factor of blood flow states that vascular resistance is greater in arteries since the lumen is smaller
size of the blood vessel lumen
154
What factor of blood flow states that shorter length = greater resistance
blood vessel length
155
It controls blood pressure and blood flow through: heart rate, stroke volume, vascular resistance and blood volume.
Negative Feedback Systems
156
It regulates heart rate and stroke volume; neural and hormonal negative feedback systems; receives input from proprioceptors, baroreceptors and chemoreceptors
cardiovascular (CV) center in the medulla oblongata
157
What hormone do kidneys secrete this enzyme to increase BP?
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone (RAA) system
158
It is your sympathetic stimulation that increases cardiac output (fight or flight).
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
159
What hormone do the hypothalamus and posterior pituitary gland causes vasoconstriction and increased BP?
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
160
What hormone do atria cause vasodilation and reduce BP?
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
161
It is organized into circulatory routes that carry blood throughout the body.
Blood vessels
162
It includes the arteries and arterioles that carry blood containing O2 and nutrients from the left ventricle to systemic capillaries throughout the body, plus the veins and venules that return blood containing CO2 and wastes to the right atrium.
Systemic circulation
163
All systemic arteries branch from the aorta. The parts of the aorta include the _
ascending aorta, the arch of the aorta, the thoracic aorta, and the abdominal aorta.
164
Where do the right and left coronary arteries supply?
heart
165
Is a failure of the cardiovascular system to deliver enough O2 and nutrients to meet metabolic needs.
Shock
166
Divides to form the right subclavian artery and right common carotid artery
Brachiocephalic Trunk
167
Extends from the brachiocephalic trunk and then passes into the armpit (axilla)
