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AnaPhy Lec (Midterms) > Lymphatic system and immunity pt2 > Flashcards

Lymphatic system and immunity pt2 Flashcards

1
Q

4 types of adaptive immunity

A

Antigen
Immunology
Immune System
Self-tolerance

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2
Q

any foreign substance that the immune system recognizes as foreign

A

Antigen

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3
Q

Branch of science that deals with the responses of the body to antigens

A

Immunology

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4
Q

Immune system

A

Cells and tissues that carry out immune responses

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5
Q

refers to defenses that involve specific recognition of a microbe once it has breached the innate immunity defenses. involves lymphocytes (T and B)

A

Adaptive (specific immunity)

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6
Q

Where does the b and t cells develop

A

primary lymphatic organs: bone marrow and the thymus (they complete their development in the red bone marrow)

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7
Q

where does t cell develop from?

A

pre-T cells

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8
Q

cite of maturation for t cells

A

thymus gland

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9
Q

Where does the b cell mature?

A

red bone marrow

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10
Q

what does the t and b cell develop before leaving the cite of maturation

A

immunocompetence

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11
Q

2 major types of mature t cells

A

Helper T cells (CD4 T Cells)

Cytotoxic T cells (CD8 T Cells)

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12
Q

TYPES OF ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY

A

Cell-mediated immunity
antibody mediated immunity

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13
Q

Cell mediated immunity

A
  • cytotoxic t cells attack antigens
  • cells attacking cells
    Effective against
    Intracellular pathogens (viruses, bacteria, or fungi that are inside cells);
    some cancer cells;
    foreign tissue transplants
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14
Q

Antibody mediated immunity

A

b cells to plasma cells that synthesizes antibodies

humoral immunity (antibodies that bind to antigens in humors or fluids)

Effective against — extracellular pathogens, which inclue any viruses, bacteria, or fungi that are in body fluid outside cells.

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15
Q

process by which a lymphocyte proliferates and differentiates in response to a specific antigen

A

Clonal selection

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16
Q

Result of clonal selection

A

formation of a population of identical cells, called clone, that can recognize the same specific antigen as the original lymphocyte.

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17
Q

2 major types of cells in the clone of cells

A

effector and memory cells

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18
Q

types of effector cells

A

active helper T cells (part of a helper T cell clone)

active cytotoxic T cells part of a cytotoxic T cell clone)

plasma cells (part of a B cell clone)

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19
Q

destruction or inactivation of the antigen; eventually die after the immune response has been completed

A

effector cells

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20
Q

do not actively participate in the initial immune response;

A

Memory cells

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21
Q

other characteristics of the memory cells

A

does not die at the end of immune response (long life spans)

responds to antigen by proliferating and differentiating into more effector and memory cells

second response is faster

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22
Q

Memory cells include:

A

memory helper T cells (part of a helper T cell clone)
memory cytotoxic T cells (part of a cytotoxic T cell clone)
memory B cell (part of a B cell clone)

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23
Q

causes the body to produce specific antibodies and/or specific T cells that react with it.

A

Antigen

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24
Q

The variable regions of an antibody where the antigen can bind to it

A

antigen binding sites

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25
Q

the ability to provoke an immune response by stimulating the production of specific antibodies, the proliferation of specific T cells, or both.

A

Immunogenicity

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26
Q

the ability of the antigen to react specifically with the antibodies or cells it provoked.

A

Reactivity

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27
Q

2 important characteristics of antigens

A

reactivity and immunogenicity

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28
Q

where is the term antigen derived?

A

its function as an antibody generator

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29
Q

what are complete antigens

A

substances that have reactivity; substances with both immunogenicity and reactivity are considered complete antigens.

30
Q

certain small parts of a large antigen molecule act as the triggers for immune responses

A

epitopes

31
Q

3 routes antigens may take when they get past the innate defenses to go to the lympathic tissue

A

blood stream (injuries) to go to the spleen

penetrate the skin and enter the lympathic vessels and lodge in the lymph nodes

Penetrate mucous membranses are entrapped by muscosa-associated lymphatic tissue (MALT)

32
Q

Helps T cells recognize that an antigen is foreign, not self, unique to a person, also known as “self-antigens”

A

Majo Histocompatibility complex

33
Q

two types of major histocompatibility complex

A

Class I MHC (MHC-I)
Class II MHC (MHC-II)

34
Q

Antibodies, immunoglobulins

A

IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, and IgE

35
Q

first immunoglobin to migrate

A

IgM

36
Q

majority of immunoglobulin

A

IgG

37
Q

Breastmilk, sweat, tears, saliva and gastrointestinal secretion

A

IgA

38
Q

Allergic reaction

A

IgE

39
Q

recognize antigen in lymph, interstitial fluid or blood plasma

A

B Cells

40
Q

can only recognize fragments of antigen if presented a certain way

A

T cells

41
Q

antigenic proteins are broken down into fragments and then combine with MHC molecules

A

Antigen processing

42
Q

the antigen–MHC complex is inserted into the plasma membrane of a body cell

A

Antigen presentation

43
Q

where does ingestion occur

A

almost anywhere in the body that invaders such as microbes have penetrated the nonspecific defenses

44
Q

how des antigen-presenting cells ingest antigens

A

phagocytosis

45
Q

How is antigen digested into fragments

A

Within the APC, protein- digesting enzymes split large antigens into short peptide fragments.

46
Q

How are MHC Molecules synthesized

A

APC synthesizes MHC molecules and packages them into vesicles.

47
Q

APC

A

Antigen presenting cells

48
Q

steps in processing and presenting of an antigen by an antigen-presenting cell

A
  1. Ingestion of the antigen
  2. Digestion of antigen into fragments
  3. Synthesis of MHC molecules
  4. Fusion of Vesicles
  5. Binding of fragments to MHC Molecules
  6. Insertion of antigen- MHC complexes into the plasma membrane
49
Q

where does the APC migrate to present the antigen to T cells

A

lymphatic tissue

50
Q

other term for foreign antigens that are presented in fluids outside body cells

A

exogenous antigens

51
Q

Result of costimulation by interleukin2

A

Active helper T Cells - help other cells of the adaptive immune system combat intruders; releases IL-2

Memory T Cells- can quickly proliferate and differentiate into more active helper T cells and more memory helper T cells

52
Q

What happens when a helper T cell is activated

A

forms a clone of active helper T cells and memory helper T cells

53
Q

What CD8 T Cells develop into

A

Cytotoxic T cells

54
Q

2 types of cytotoxic t cells

A

Active and Memory cytotoxic T cells

55
Q

Active Cytotoxic T cells

A

attack other body cells that have been infected with the antigen

56
Q

Memory cytotoxic T cells

A

can quickly proliferate and differentiate into more active cytotoxic T cells and more memory cytotoxic T cells if the same antigen enters the body at a future time

57
Q

2 mechanisms of elimination of invaders

A

Recognize and bind specific target cells and release granzymes (protein-digesting enzymes that trigger apoptosis) → destruction of cell à phagocytosis

Bind to infected cells and release perforin (cytolysis) and granulysin (holes in plasma membrane); lymphotoxin → enzymes released which fragment cell DNA; gamma- interferon à attracts and activates phagocytic cells, and macrophage migration inhibition

58
Q

Types of B Cells

A

effector cells
Memory B cells

59
Q

Plasma cells
they secrete specific antibodies, which in turn circulate in the lymph and blood to reach the site of invasion

A

Effector cells

60
Q

can quickly proliferate and differentiate into more plasma cells and more memory B cells should the same antigen reappear at a future time

A

Memory B Cells

61
Q

are b cells larger than plasma?

A

Plasma cells are larger than B cells

62
Q

Functions of antibodies

A

Neutralize antigen
Immobilize bacteria
Agglutinate antigen
Activate complement
Enhance phagocytosis

63
Q

Processing and presentation of foreign antigens to T cells; secretion of interleukin-1, which stimulates secretion of interleukin-2 by helper T cells and induces proliferation of B cells; secretion of interferons that stimulate T cell growth

A

Macrophage

64
Q

Processes and presents antigen to T cells and B cells; found in mucous membranes, skin, lymph nodes.

A

Dendritic cell

65
Q

Processes and presents antigen to helper T cells

A

B cell

66
Q

Kills host target cells by releasing granzymes that induce apoptosis, perforin that forms channels to cause cytolysis, granulysin that destroys microbes, lymphotoxin that destroys target cell DNA, gamma-interferon that attracts macrophages and increases their phagocytic activity, and macrophage migration inhibition factor that prevents macrophage migration from site of infection.

A

Cytotoxic T cell

67
Q

Cooperates with B cells to amplify antibody production by plasma cells and secretes interleukin-2, which stimulates proliferation of T cells and B cells. May secrete gamma-IFN and tumor necrosis factor (TNF), which stimulate inflammatory response

A

Helper T cell

68
Q

Remains in lymphatic tissue and recognizes original invading antigens, even years after first encounter

A

Memory T cell

69
Q

Differentiates into antibody-producing plasma cell.

A

B cell

70
Q

Descendant of B cell that produces and secretes antibodies.

A

Plasma cell

71
Q

Descendant of B cell that remains after immune response and is ready to respond rapidly and forcefully should the same antigen enter body in future.

A

Memory B cell

AnaPhy Lec (Midterms) (7 decks)

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