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AnaPhy Lec (Midterms) > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

consists of a group of
organs that break down the food we eat into
smaller molecules that can be used by body
cells

A

The digestive system

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2
Q

Two groups of organs compose the
digestive system

A

Gastrointestinal (GI) Tract
Accessory Digestive Organs

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3
Q

Name the functions of the digestive system

A
  1. Take in food
  2. Break down food
  3. Absorb digested materials
  4. Provide nutrients
  5. Eliminate waste
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4
Q

Layer of smooth epithelial tissue; is the largest serous membrane of the
body

A

Peritoneum

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5
Q

connective tissue of organs in
abdominal cavity

A

Messenteries

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6
Q

mesentery connecting
lesser curvature of stomach to liver and
diaphragm

A

Lesser omentum

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7
Q

mesentery connecting
greater curvature of stomach to transverse
colon and posterior body wall

A

Greater omentum

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8
Q

Divisions of peritoneum

A

● parietal peritoneum — which lines the wall
of the abdominal cavity,
● visceral peritoneum — which covers
some of the organs in the cavity and is
their serosa

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9
Q

First part of digestive system; Contains stratified squamous epithelia

A

Oral cavity

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10
Q

produce saliva which contains
enzymes to breakdown
carbohydrates into glucose

A

oral cavity

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11
Q

salivary enzyme that breaks
down carbohydrates into glucose

A

amalyse

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12
Q

salivary enzymes that are active
against bacteria

A

Lysozyme

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13
Q

house taste buds and mucus

A

Tongue

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14
Q

are accessory digestive organs located in
sockets of the alveolar processes of the
mandible and maxillae.

A

Teeth

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15
Q

How many teeth in adult

A

32 teeth in normal adult

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16
Q

How many teeth in babies

A

20 primary teeth (baby teeth)

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17
Q

Types of teeth

A

Incisors, canine, premolars, molars, wisdom

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18
Q

Parts of a tooth

A

crown, cusp, neck, root

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19
Q

Center of tooth

A

pulp cavity

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20
Q

hard covering protects against
abrasions; cavities are breakdown of this by acids from bacteria

A

Enamel

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21
Q

the visible portion above the
level of the gums.

A

Crown

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22
Q

Embedded in the socket are one
to three roots

A

Root

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23
Q

the constricted junction of the
crown and root near the gum line.

A

Neck

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24
Q

Meaning of palate

A

roof of oral cavity

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25
Q

The posterior part of the palate

A

Soft palate

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26
Q

The anterior palte

A

Hard palate

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27
Q

Types of salivary glands

A
  1. Submandibular gland
  2. Sublingual gland
  3. Parotid gland
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28
Q

inflammation of parotid
gland (usually cause by a virus)

A

Mumps

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29
Q

Type of secretion of parotid gland

A

Purely serous

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30
Q

Type of secretion of submandibular gland

A

Mixed predominantly serous

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31
Q

Type of secretion of sublingual gland

A

Mixed predominantly mucous

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32
Q

Largest salivary gland

A

Parotid gland

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33
Q

Secretion of saliva controlled by autonomic nervous system

A

Salivation

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34
Q

The throat that connects the mouth to the esophagus

A

Pharynx

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35
Q

Three parts of pharynx

A

o Nasopharynx
o Oropharynx
o Laryngopharynx

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36
Q

Tube that connects
pharynx to stomach
and Transport food to
stomach

A

Esophagus

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37
Q

Where does the esophagus joins the stomach

A

Cardiac opening

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38
Q

occurs when
gastric juices regurgitate into
esophagus
caused by caffeine, smoking, or
eating or drinking in excess

A

Heartburn aka acid peptic disease or
hyperacidity

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39
Q

Length of esophagus

A

About 25cm (10 in)

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40
Q

Stages of swallowing

A
  1. Voluntary phase
  2. Pharyngeal phase
  3. Esophageal phase

(Peristalsis??)

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41
Q

bolus (mass of food)
formed in mouth and pushed into
oropharynx

A

Voluntary phase

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42
Q

swallowing reflex
initiated when bolus stimulates receptors in
oropharynx

A

Pharyngeal phase

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43
Q

moves food from
pharynx to stomach

A

Esophageal phase

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44
Q

wave-like contractions moves
food through digestive tract

A

Peristalsis

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45
Q

Motor movement responsible for this

A

Myenteric
plexus/Auerbach’s plexus-

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46
Q

The movement of food from the mouth into the
stomach is achieved by the act of

A

deglutition or
swallowing

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47
Q

J-shaped enlargement of the GI tract
directly inferior to the diaphragm in the
abdomen

A

Stomach

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48
Q

Storage tank for food

A

Stomach

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48
Q

Storage tank for food

A

Stomach

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49
Q

Normal pH level of stomach

A

3

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50
Q

How many liters of food can stomach hold up to

A

2 liters

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51
Q

to produce churning
action in the skin

A

Thick muscular layer

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52
Q

large folds that allow stomach to
stretch

A

Rugae

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53
Q

paste-like substance that forms
when food begins to be broken down

A

Chyme

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54
Q

opening
between stomach and small intestine

A

Pyloric opening (pylorus)

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55
Q

thick, ring of smooth
muscle around pyloric opening; regulate the
passage of food from the stomach to the
small intestines

A

Pyloric sphincter

56
Q

stomach is stimulated to
contract by low blood glucose levels usually
12-24 hours after a meal

A

Hunger pangs

57
Q

3 phases of regulation of stomach secretions

A

Cephalic phase, Gastric phase, Intestinal phase

58
Q

1st phase - stomach secretions are
initiated by sight, smell, taste, or
food thought

A

Cephalic phase

59
Q

2nd phase - partially digested
proteins and distention of stomach
promote secretio

A

Gastric phase

60
Q

There is tension of the stomach and
stimulates the mechanoreceptors to
activate parasympathetic reflex.

A

Gastric phase

61
Q

3rd phase - acidic chyme stimulates
neuronal reflexes and secretions of
hormones that inhibit gastric
secretions by negative feedback
loops

A

Intestinal phase

62
Q

Difference between mixing waves and peristaltic waves

A
  1. Mixing waves:
    o weak contraction
    o thoroughly mix food to form chyme
  2. Peristaltic waves:
    o stronger contraction
    o force chyme toward and through pyloric
    sphincter
63
Q

weak contraction movement in the stomach

A

Mixing waves

64
Q

stronger contraction movement in the stomach

A

Peristaltic waves:

65
Q

Stomach empties every __ hours after regular
meal,

A

4 hours

66
Q

Stomach empties every ____ after high fatty meal

A

6 - 8 hours

67
Q

Secretes mucin in alkaline fluid

A

Surface mucous cells

68
Q

Secretes mucin in acidic fluid

A

Mucous neck cells

69
Q

Cells of the stomach’ secretes pepsinogen and lipase

A

Chief cells

70
Q

Secretes HCl and intrinsic factor; the characteristic cells (parenchyma) of the stomach

A

Parietal cells

71
Q

Releases pepsinogen and lipase

A

Chief cells

72
Q

Releases gastrin

A

G cells / Enteroendocrine cells

73
Q

Length of small intestine

A

6 meters

74
Q

Major absorptive organ

A

Small Intestine

75
Q

Chyme takes _____ hours to pass through the small intestine

A

3-5 hours

76
Q

Contains enzymes to further breakdown
food; Contains secretions for protection against
chyme’s acidity

A

Small intestine

77
Q

Parts of small intestine

A

Duodenum, Jejunum, and Ileum

78
Q

contains
absorptive cells, goblet cells, granular cells,
endocrine cells; contains microvilli and
many folds - contains bile and pancreatic
ducts

A

duodenum

79
Q

length of duodenum

A

25cm

80
Q

length of jejunum

A

2.5 meters

81
Q

length of ileum

A

3.5 meters

82
Q

Connection of Cecum and Ileum

A

Ileocecal junction

83
Q

responsible for completion of absorption, the
production of certain vitamins, the formation of
feces, and the expulsion of feces from the body

A

large intestine

84
Q

Where is the appendix attached?

A

Cecum

85
Q

Length of appendix

A

9cm

86
Q

Lentgh of colon

A

1.5m

87
Q

contains ascending, transverse,
descending, sigmoid regions

A

Colon

88
Q

Function is to absorb water from indigestible
food

A

Large intestine

89
Q

Food takes ____ to pass through
the large intestine

A

18-24 hours

90
Q

straight tube that begins at
sigmoid and ends at anal canal

A

Rectum

91
Q

Weighs about 3 lbs; heaviest gland of the body

A

Liver

92
Q

In right upper quadrant of abdomen under
diaphragm

A

Liver

93
Q

formed from left
and right hepatic duct

A

Common hepatic duct

94
Q

formed from left
and right hepatic duct

A

Common hepatic duct

95
Q

joins common hepatic duct; from gallbladder

A

Cystic duct

96
Q

formed from common
hepatic duct and cystic duct

A

Common bile duct

97
Q

Which stores and concentrates bile

A

Gall bladder

98
Q

Which secretes bile

A

Liver

99
Q

Small sac on the inferior surface of liver

A

Gall bladder

100
Q

● Digestive and excretory functions
● Stores and processes nutrients
● Detoxifies harmful chemicals
● Synthesizes new molecules

A

Liver

101
Q

How much bile does the liver secrete everyday?

A

700ml

102
Q

dilutes and neutralizes stomach acid
and breaks down fats

A

Bile

103
Q

Tissues in pancreas

A

Endocrine tissues and Exocrine tissues

104
Q

have pancreatic islet that
produce insulin and glucagon

A

Endocrine tissues

105
Q

pancreatic tissue that produces digestive enzymes

A

Exocrine tissues

106
Q

The four digestive process

A
  1. Digestion
  2. Propulsion
  3. Absorption
  4. Defaction
107
Q

Digestive process; breakdown of food occurs in
stomach and mouth

A

Digestion

108
Q

Digestive process; moves food through digestive
tract includes swallowing and peristalsis

A

Propulsion

109
Q

Digestive process; primarily in duodenum and
jejunum of small intestine; small intestine is
the major absorption organ

A

Absorption

110
Q

Digestive process; elimination of waste in the form
of feces

A

Defecation

110
Q

The four digestive process

A
  1. Digestion
  2. Propulsion
  3. Absorption
  4. Defecation
110
Q

Digestive process; elimination of waste in the form
of feces

A

Defecation

111
Q

Polysaccharides split into disaccharides by

A

salivary and pancreatic amylases

112
Q

it is further broken down into
monosaccharides

A

Disaccharidases

113
Q

What type of sugar is glucose

A

Monosaccharide

114
Q

What enzyme breaks protein into polypeptide in the stomach

A

Pepsin

115
Q

What enzymes breaks down polypeptides into peptides in duodenum (pancreas, liver)

A

Typsin, chymotypsin, carboxypeptidase

116
Q

What breaks down peptides into amino acids

A

Peptidases

117
Q

What produces secretin and cholecutokinin

A

Duodenum

118
Q

Lipase breaks down lipids which form ____

A

Micelles

119
Q

What are in contact with intestinal epi.
and diffuse with cells where they are
packaged and released into lacteals

A

Micelles

120
Q

Where are lipids stored in

A

Adipose tissue and liver

121
Q

True or false: Amino acids used to build new proteins

A

True

122
Q

Water can move across intestinal wall in
either direction depending on?

A

Osmosis or osmotic conditions

123
Q

How many percent of water is absorbed in the small and large intestines?

A

99%

124
Q

Receives a bolus from the oral cavity and
passes it into the esophagus

A

Pharynx

125
Q

Maneuvers food for mastication, shapes food
into a bolus, maneuvers food for deglutition,
detects sensations for taste, and initiates
digestion of triglycerides

A

Tongue (ina)

126
Q

Saliva produced by these glands softens,
moistens, and dissolves foods; cleanses mouth
and teeth; initiates the digestion of starch.

A

Salivary glands

127
Q

cut, tear, and pulverize food to reduce solids to
smaller particles for swallowing.

A

Teeth

128
Q

stops the action of pepsin from the
stomach, creates the proper pH for digestion in
the small intestine, and participates in the
digestion of carbohydrates, proteins,
triglycerides, and nucleic acids

A

Pancreas (Pancreatic juices)

129
Q

Produces bile, which is required for the
emulsification and absorption of lipids in the
small intestine

A

Liver

130
Q

Stores and concentrates bile and releases it into
the small intestine.

A

Gallbladder

131
Q

Sees the functions of the tongue, salivary glands,
and teeth, all of which are in the mouth.
Additionally, the lips and cheeks keep food
between the teeth during mastication, and
buccal glands lining the mouth produce saliva

A

Mouth

132
Q

Receives a bolus from the pharynx and moves it
into the stomach; this requires relaxation of the
upper esophageal sphincter and secretion of
mucus.

A

Esophagus

133
Q

Mixing waves combine saliva, food, and gastric
juice, which activates pepsin, initiates protein
digestion, kills microbes in food, helps absorb
vitamin B12, contracts the lower esophageal
sphincter, increases stomach motility, relaxes the
pyloric sphincter, and moves chyme into the
small intestine

A

Stomach

134
Q

Segmentation mixes chyme with digestive juices;
peristalsis propels chyme toward the ileocecal
sphincter; digestive secretions from the small
intestine, pancreas, and liver complete the
digestion of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and
nucleic acids; circular folds, villi, and microvilli
help absorb about 90% of digested nutrients.

A

Small intestine

135
Q

Haustral churning, peristalsis, and mass
peristalsis drive the colonic contents into the
rectum; bacteria produce some B vitamins and
vitamin K; absorption of some water, ions, and
vitamins occurs; defecation

A

Large intestine

136
Q
A

AnaPhy Lec (Midterms) (7 decks)

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