Digestive System Flashcards
1
Q
consists of a group of
organs that break down the food we eat into
smaller molecules that can be used by body
cells
A
The digestive system
2
Q
Two groups of organs compose the
digestive system
A
Gastrointestinal (GI) Tract
Accessory Digestive Organs
3
Q
Name the functions of the digestive system
A
- Take in food
- Break down food
- Absorb digested materials
- Provide nutrients
- Eliminate waste
4
Q
Layer of smooth epithelial tissue; is the largest serous membrane of the
body
A
Peritoneum
5
Q
connective tissue of organs in
abdominal cavity
A
Messenteries
6
Q
mesentery connecting
lesser curvature of stomach to liver and
diaphragm
A
Lesser omentum
7
Q
mesentery connecting
greater curvature of stomach to transverse
colon and posterior body wall
A
Greater omentum
8
Q
Divisions of peritoneum
A
● parietal peritoneum — which lines the wall
of the abdominal cavity,
● visceral peritoneum — which covers
some of the organs in the cavity and is
their serosa
9
Q
First part of digestive system; Contains stratified squamous epithelia
A
Oral cavity
10
Q
produce saliva which contains
enzymes to breakdown
carbohydrates into glucose
A
oral cavity
11
Q
salivary enzyme that breaks
down carbohydrates into glucose
A
amalyse
12
Q
salivary enzymes that are active
against bacteria
A
Lysozyme
13
Q
house taste buds and mucus
A
Tongue
14
Q
are accessory digestive organs located in
sockets of the alveolar processes of the
mandible and maxillae.
A
Teeth
15
Q
How many teeth in adult
A
32 teeth in normal adult
16
Q
How many teeth in babies
A
20 primary teeth (baby teeth)
17
Q
Types of teeth
A
Incisors, canine, premolars, molars, wisdom
18
Q
Parts of a tooth
A
crown, cusp, neck, root
19
Q
Center of tooth
A
pulp cavity
20
Q
hard covering protects against
abrasions; cavities are breakdown of this by acids from bacteria
A
Enamel
21
Q
the visible portion above the
level of the gums.
A
Crown
22
Q
Embedded in the socket are one
to three roots
A
Root
23
Q
the constricted junction of the
crown and root near the gum line.
A
Neck
24
Q
Meaning of palate
A
roof of oral cavity
25
The posterior part of the palate
Soft palate
26
The anterior palte
Hard palate
27
Types of salivary glands
1. Submandibular gland
2. Sublingual gland
3. Parotid gland
28
inflammation of parotid
gland (usually cause by a virus)
Mumps
29
Type of secretion of parotid gland
Purely serous
30
Type of secretion of submandibular gland
Mixed predominantly serous
31
Type of secretion of sublingual gland
Mixed predominantly mucous
32
Largest salivary gland
Parotid gland
33
Secretion of saliva controlled by autonomic nervous system
Salivation
34
The throat that connects the mouth to the esophagus
Pharynx
35
Three parts of pharynx
o Nasopharynx
o Oropharynx
o Laryngopharynx
36
Tube that connects
pharynx to stomach
and Transport food to
stomach
Esophagus
37
Where does the esophagus joins the stomach
Cardiac opening
38
occurs when
gastric juices regurgitate into
esophagus
caused by caffeine, smoking, or
eating or drinking in excess
Heartburn aka acid peptic disease or
hyperacidity
39
Length of esophagus
About 25cm (10 in)
40
Stages of swallowing
1. Voluntary phase
2. Pharyngeal phase
3. Esophageal phase
(Peristalsis??)
41
bolus (mass of food)
formed in mouth and pushed into
oropharynx
Voluntary phase
42
swallowing reflex
initiated when bolus stimulates receptors in
oropharynx
Pharyngeal phase
43
moves food from
pharynx to stomach
Esophageal phase
44
wave-like contractions moves
food through digestive tract
Peristalsis
45
Motor movement responsible for this
Myenteric
plexus/Auerbach’s plexus-
46
The movement of food from the mouth into the
stomach is achieved by the act of
deglutition or
swallowing
47
J-shaped enlargement of the GI tract
directly inferior to the diaphragm in the
abdomen
Stomach
48
Storage tank for food
Stomach
48
Storage tank for food
Stomach
49
Normal pH level of stomach
3
50
How many liters of food can stomach hold up to
2 liters
51
to produce churning
action in the skin
Thick muscular layer
52
large folds that allow stomach to
stretch
Rugae
53
paste-like substance that forms
when food begins to be broken down
Chyme
54
opening
between stomach and small intestine
Pyloric opening (pylorus)
55
thick, ring of smooth
muscle around pyloric opening; regulate the
passage of food from the stomach to the
small intestines
Pyloric sphincter
56
stomach is stimulated to
contract by low blood glucose levels usually
12-24 hours after a meal
Hunger pangs
57
3 phases of regulation of stomach secretions
Cephalic phase, Gastric phase, Intestinal phase
58
1st phase - stomach secretions are
initiated by sight, smell, taste, or
food thought
Cephalic phase
59
2nd phase - partially digested
proteins and distention of stomach
promote secretio
Gastric phase
60
There is tension of the stomach and
stimulates the mechanoreceptors to
activate parasympathetic reflex.
Gastric phase
61
3rd phase - acidic chyme stimulates
neuronal reflexes and secretions of
hormones that inhibit gastric
secretions by negative feedback
loops
Intestinal phase
62
Difference between mixing waves and peristaltic waves
1. Mixing waves:
o weak contraction
o thoroughly mix food to form chyme
2. Peristaltic waves:
o stronger contraction
o force chyme toward and through pyloric
sphincter
63
weak contraction movement in the stomach
Mixing waves
64
stronger contraction movement in the stomach
Peristaltic waves:
65
Stomach empties every __ hours after regular
meal,
4 hours
66
Stomach empties every ____ after high fatty meal
6 - 8 hours
67
Secretes mucin in alkaline fluid
Surface mucous cells
68
Secretes mucin in acidic fluid
Mucous neck cells
69
Cells of the stomach' secretes pepsinogen and lipase
Chief cells
70
Secretes HCl and intrinsic factor; the characteristic cells (parenchyma) of the stomach
Parietal cells
71
Releases pepsinogen and lipase
Chief cells
72
Releases gastrin
G cells / Enteroendocrine cells
73
Length of small intestine
6 meters
74
Major absorptive organ
Small Intestine
75
Chyme takes _____ hours to pass through the small intestine
3-5 hours
76
Contains enzymes to further breakdown
food; Contains secretions for protection against
chyme’s acidity
Small intestine
77
Parts of small intestine
Duodenum, Jejunum, and Ileum
78
contains
absorptive cells, goblet cells, granular cells,
endocrine cells; contains microvilli and
many folds - contains bile and pancreatic
ducts
duodenum
79
length of duodenum
25cm
80
length of jejunum
2.5 meters
81
length of ileum
3.5 meters
82
Connection of Cecum and Ileum
Ileocecal junction
83
responsible for completion of absorption, the
production of certain vitamins, the formation of
feces, and the expulsion of feces from the body
large intestine
84
Where is the appendix attached?
Cecum
85
Length of appendix
9cm
86
Lentgh of colon
1.5m
87
contains ascending, transverse,
descending, sigmoid regions
Colon
88
Function is to absorb water from indigestible
food
Large intestine
89
Food takes ____ to pass through
the large intestine
18-24 hours
90
straight tube that begins at
sigmoid and ends at anal canal
Rectum
91
Weighs about 3 lbs; heaviest gland of the body
Liver
92
In right upper quadrant of abdomen under
diaphragm
Liver
93
formed from left
and right hepatic duct
Common hepatic duct
94
formed from left
and right hepatic duct
Common hepatic duct
95
joins common hepatic duct; from gallbladder
Cystic duct
96
formed from common
hepatic duct and cystic duct
Common bile duct
97
Which stores and concentrates bile
Gall bladder
98
Which secretes bile
Liver
99
Small sac on the inferior surface of liver
Gall bladder
100
● Digestive and excretory functions
● Stores and processes nutrients
● Detoxifies harmful chemicals
● Synthesizes new molecules
Liver
101
How much bile does the liver secrete everyday?
700ml
102
dilutes and neutralizes stomach acid
and breaks down fats
Bile
103
Tissues in pancreas
Endocrine tissues and Exocrine tissues
104
have pancreatic islet that
produce insulin and glucagon
Endocrine tissues
105
pancreatic tissue that produces digestive enzymes
Exocrine tissues
106
The four digestive process
1. Digestion
2. Propulsion
3. Absorption
4. Defaction
107
Digestive process; breakdown of food occurs in
stomach and mouth
Digestion
108
Digestive process; moves food through digestive
tract includes swallowing and peristalsis
Propulsion
109
Digestive process; primarily in duodenum and
jejunum of small intestine; small intestine is
the major absorption organ
Absorption
110
Digestive process; elimination of waste in the form
of feces
Defecation
110
The four digestive process
1. Digestion
2. Propulsion
3. Absorption
4. Defecation
110
Digestive process; elimination of waste in the form
of feces
Defecation
111
Polysaccharides split into disaccharides by
salivary and pancreatic amylases
112
it is further broken down into
monosaccharides
Disaccharidases
113
What type of sugar is glucose
Monosaccharide
114
What enzyme breaks protein into polypeptide in the stomach
Pepsin
115
What enzymes breaks down polypeptides into peptides in duodenum (pancreas, liver)
Typsin, chymotypsin, carboxypeptidase
116
What breaks down peptides into amino acids
Peptidases
117
What produces secretin and cholecutokinin
Duodenum
118
Lipase breaks down lipids which form ____
Micelles
119
What are in contact with intestinal epi.
and diffuse with cells where they are
packaged and released into lacteals
Micelles
120
Where are lipids stored in
Adipose tissue and liver
121
True or false: Amino acids used to build new proteins
True
122
Water can move across intestinal wall in
either direction depending on?
Osmosis or osmotic conditions
123
How many percent of water is absorbed in the small and large intestines?
99%
124
Receives a bolus from the oral cavity and
passes it into the esophagus
Pharynx
125
Maneuvers food for mastication, shapes food
into a bolus, maneuvers food for deglutition,
detects sensations for taste, and initiates
digestion of triglycerides
Tongue (ina)
126
Saliva produced by these glands softens,
moistens, and dissolves foods; cleanses mouth
and teeth; initiates the digestion of starch.
Salivary glands
127
cut, tear, and pulverize food to reduce solids to
smaller particles for swallowing.
Teeth
128
stops the action of pepsin from the
stomach, creates the proper pH for digestion in
the small intestine, and participates in the
digestion of carbohydrates, proteins,
triglycerides, and nucleic acids
Pancreas (Pancreatic juices)
129
Produces bile, which is required for the
emulsification and absorption of lipids in the
small intestine
Liver
130
Stores and concentrates bile and releases it into
the small intestine.
Gallbladder
131
Sees the functions of the tongue, salivary glands,
and teeth, all of which are in the mouth.
Additionally, the lips and cheeks keep food
between the teeth during mastication, and
buccal glands lining the mouth produce saliva
Mouth
132
Receives a bolus from the pharynx and moves it
into the stomach; this requires relaxation of the
upper esophageal sphincter and secretion of
mucus.
Esophagus
133
Mixing waves combine saliva, food, and gastric
juice, which activates pepsin, initiates protein
digestion, kills microbes in food, helps absorb
vitamin B12, contracts the lower esophageal
sphincter, increases stomach motility, relaxes the
pyloric sphincter, and moves chyme into the
small intestine
Stomach
134
Segmentation mixes chyme with digestive juices;
peristalsis propels chyme toward the ileocecal
sphincter; digestive secretions from the small
intestine, pancreas, and liver complete the
digestion of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and
nucleic acids; circular folds, villi, and microvilli
help absorb about 90% of digested nutrients.
Small intestine
135
Haustral churning, peristalsis, and mass
peristalsis drive the colonic contents into the
rectum; bacteria produce some B vitamins and
vitamin K; absorption of some water, ions, and
vitamins occurs; defecation
Large intestine
136
