Solutions Flashcards
Less than the maximum amount of a solute is dissolved in a solvent
unsaturated
the maximum amount of a solute is dissolved in a solvent
saturated
Soluble salts are group ____ metal cations, ___, ___, ___ and ___
1, NO3, ClO4-, C2H3O2, NH4+
Insoluble salts are __, __, __, __, __, __, ___
Ag+, Pb2+, Hg2+, OH-, S2-, CO32-, PO43-
The molecule as a whole is ___ if there is at least one soluble compound in it
soluble
Electrolytes are substances that have a natural __ or __ charge when dissolved in water. They help the body regulate __ ___ and maintain balance between __ in and outside cells
positive, negative, chemical reactions, fluids
electrolyte that fully dissociates in water
strong electrolyte
electrolyte that incompletely dissociate in water
weak electrolytes
electrolytes that do not dissociate in water
non-electrolytes
Strong electrolytes are soluble ___ ___, strong __ and ____
ionic compounds, acids, bases
Strong acids are ___, __, __, ___, __, __, and ___
HCl, HBr, HI, HClO4, HClO3, H2SO4, HNO3
Strong bases are group 1 __ __, ___, __ and ___
metal hydroxides, Ba(OH)2, Sr(OH)2, Ca(OH)2
Weak electrolytes are weak ___ and ____
acids bases
non electrolytes are molecular compounds that aren’t __ or __ such as ___ and __
acidic, basic, C6H12O6, CH3OH
solids are more soluble at ___ temperatures. Gases are more soluble at ___ temperatures, and _____ pressures
higher, lower, higher
When light is passed through a solution and a spectrophotometer is used to measure how much is sent in and comes out
spectrophotometry
Beer’s law says that light absorption is __ to path length and the __ of the solution, and is given by the formula ____. It demonstrates that a more ____ solution absorbs more light than a ____ solution
proportional, concentration, A=elc, concentrated, dilute
Equations in which all compounds are written as though all substances exist as molecules
molecular equations
Equations in which ionic compounds are written as separated ions
ionic equation
Ions that do not take part in the reaction and are found in solution before and after the reaction
spectator ions
Equations that only shows the elements, compounds and ions directly involved in the reaction
net ionic equations
If molecules of a solute experience the same __ __ as the solvent, the solute will likely ___ in that solvent
intermolecular forces, dissolve
Samples of matter with both definite and constant composition and distinct chemical properties; elements and compounds
pure substances
made with two or more combined substances that are not combined chemically
mixtures
the number of moles of solute per 1 kg of solvent
molality
The new concentration of volume of a solution after a dilution is given by the formula __-
M1V1=M2V2
Normality expresses the concentration in terms of the ___ of one chemical species that react stoichiometrically with another chemical species and is given by ___
equivalents, N = nxM
the part of a chemical species that participates in the chemical reaction
equivalents
the ratio of the number of moles of one component of a mixture to the total number of moles; should equal one in total
mole fraction
Properties that depend on the concentration of solute molecules or ions but not on the identity of the solute
colligative properties
properties that depend on the identity of the dissolved species and the solvent
non colligative properties
Some non colligative properties are ___ __, ___, ____, __ and ___
surface tension, viscosity, solubility, colour, density
colligative properties include ____ __, ____ ___, ____ __, and ___ ___
vapor-pressure depression, boiling-point elevation, freezing-point elevation, osmotic pressure
the boiling point is when the vapor pressure is equal to the __ __
atmospheric pressure
As elevation increases, the atmospheric pressure ___, this means that the vapor pressure needed to reach the boiling point ____ and boiling point ____
decreases, decreases, decresases
As elevation decreases, the atmospheric pressure ___, and the vapor pressure needed to reach the boiling point ___, and thus the boiling point ___
increases, increases, increases
in general an increase in __ ___ equal a decrease in boiling point. When a solute is added, the vapor pressure is ____ and thus the boiling point is ___. Thus, the vapor pressure of a ___ __ is greater than that of a solution with a ___ ___
vapor pressure, lowered, raised, pure solvent, non-volatile solute
Raoult’s law
Pa = XaP°a
Boiling point elevation equation
Tb change = kb i m
the number of particles the solute breaks into when it dissolves
van’t hoff factor (i)
freezing point depression equation
Tf change = -kf im
the pressure it would take to stop osmosis from happening
osmotic pressure
Equation for osmotic pressure
osmotic pressure = i MRT
