Solutions Flashcards

1
Q

V.P of pure water =

A

1.013 bar

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2
Q

Rate constant depends on

A

Temp

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3
Q

Henry’s law

A

Pressure of gas above the sol is directly proportional to mole fraction of gas inside the sol.

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4
Q

Pressure depends on

A

Nature of solute, temp, nature of solvent

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5
Q

Application of Henry’s law

A
  1. Preparation of soda water
  2. Oxygen cylinders by scuba divers which are compressed & diluted with He
  3. Used in high altitude to prevent anoxia
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6
Q

Vapour pressure of a liquid

A

Pressure exerted by vapours of liquid at eq.

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7
Q

Factors affecting vapour pressure

A
  1. Nature of liquid: If intermolecular forces are strong, V.P is less
  2. Temp: directly prop
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8
Q

Raoult’s law

A

In liquid-liquid sol, partial pressure exerted by one component is directly prop to its mole fraction in sol

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9
Q

Effect of adding non-volatile solute to volatile solvent

A

VP decreases. So pressure exerted above the sol. is prop only to mole fraction of solvent

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10
Q

Ideal sols

A

That obey Raoult’s law

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11
Q

Ideal sols examples

A

n-hexane & n-heptane, benzene & toluene, chloroethane & bromoethane

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12
Q

For +ve deviation, P >

A

P`X

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13
Q

For +ve deviation, process is

A

endothermic

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14
Q

In endothermic process, ΔH(mix) & ΔV(mix) is

A

+ve

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15
Q

For ideal solns, ΔH & ΔV is

A

0

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16
Q

+ve deviation examples

A

ethyl alcohols & acetone, carbondisulphide & acetone, ethyl alcohol & water

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17
Q

-ve deviation examples

A

Nitric acid & water, CCl4 & acetone, Phenol & aniline

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18
Q

When intermolecular H bond is less, solns show ____ deviations

A

+ve

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19
Q

Azeotropic mixture

A

Mixture in which components have a definite BP & has the same composition in liquid & VP

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20
Q

Min boiling azeotropic mixture

A

Mixture in which BP of mixture is less than BP of individual components

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21
Q

Min boiling azeotropic mixtures show _______ deviation

22
Q

Examples of Min boiling azeotropic mixture

A

Ethanol & water

23
Q

Examples of max boiling azeotropic mixture

A

HNO3 & water

24
Q

Colligative properties

A

Those properties which depends on amount of solute & not its nature

25
K(b) is called
molal elevation/Ebullioscopic const
26
K(f) is called
molal depression/Cryoscopic const
27
Applications of depression in freezing point
1. In cold countries, to avoid freezing of water in radiators of cars, ethylene glycol is added 2. To remove snow blocks on roads, it is sprinkled with NaCl
28
Osmotic pressure
Min excess pressure to be applied on sol. to stop osmosis
29
Desalination of sea water
Applied pressure is more than osmotic pressure to extract salt from sea water
30
Osmosis
Movement of solvent from higher to lower conc. via semi-permeable membrane
31
Osmotic pressure is applicable only to
dilute solutions
32
Use of osmotic pressure
1. Calculate MM of macro molecules like proteins & polymers
33
Advantage of osmotic pressure
It is done at room temp & molarity is used instead of molality
34
Polymers have ______ solubility
less
35
Isotonic solns.
Solns. with same osmotic pressure
36
hypertonic solns.
Soln. having more osmotic pressure than another
37
Osmosis doesn't take place for
isotonic solns.
38
When is MM abnormal?
When solute of electrolyte undergoes associaton or dissociation which increases or decreases no. of particles
39
Van't Hoff factor increases when
Conc decreases or no. of ions increases
40
Why is decrease in temp of ethanol & acetone observed?
They form a non-ideal sol with +ve deviation which increases vol
41
When does a sol freeze?
When its vapour pressure equals the vapour pressure of pure solid solvent.
42
-ve deviation ___________ temp
increases
43
λ(m) increases rapidly for
weak electrolytes
44
Lowering of V.P _____________ B.P
increases
45
Define fuel cell
A fuel cell is an electrochemical cell that generates electrical energy from fuel via an electrochemical reaction
46
Why is it not possible to obtain pure ethanol by fractional distillation?
Due to const composition so it forms an azeotrope
47
What general name is given to binary mixtures which show deviation from Raoult's law
Azeotropes
48
If BP is higher than that of the 2 liquids, it shows
large -ve deviation from Raoult's law
49
If rn is endothermic, when temp increases solubility
Increases
50
Factors affecting solubility
Stronger intermolecular forces, more soluble in water Temp increases, it decrease if rn is exothermic Pressure more solubility more