Biomolecules Flashcards
glucose 2 forms
alpha and beta
why do primary structures of proteins remain?
Due to change in pH or temp, all other structures are destroyed = denaturing of proteins
fat soluble vitamins
A,D,E,K
Glucose formula
C6H12O6
water soluble vitamins
B and C
Lactose formula
C12H22O11
Lactose forms
Glucose and galactose
Why is CHO in pentaacetate not available for reaction?
Since it is a part of reactions of aldehydic group like reaction with HCN, Tollen’s etc..
Why is melting points and solubility in water of amino acids more than halo acids?
Due to dipolar force and H bonding with water hence it exists as a Zwitter ion
why can’t vitamin C be stored in our body?
water soluble so it is excreted regularly
Types of monosaccharides
aldoses and ketoses
What are reducing sugars?
sugars which act as reducing agents and reduce Fehling’s sol and Tollen’s reagent
Ex for reducing sugars
All monosaccharides and disaccharides like , glucose, fructose, lactose except sucrose
Main functions of carbs in plants
Cell walls are made of cellulose
Carbs are stored as starch as food reserve
Is ribose mono or di?
mono
Is galactose mono or di?
mono
Glycosidic link?
Link btn 2 monosaccharides via ‘O’
What is glycogen?
polysaccharide stored in animals. Present in liver, muscle and brain.
Parts of starch
Amylose and amylopectin
which is water soluble? amylose or amylopectin?
Amylose(15-20% starch)
Units in glycogen chain
10-14
Units in amylopectin chains
20-25
Products of sucrose after hydrolysis
D(+)glucose and D(-)fructose
Products of lactose after hydrolysis
B-D-galactose & B-D-glucose
Why is sucrose known as invert sugar?
Since laevorotation of fructose is > glucose, the mixture is laevo
Starch Vs cellulose
Starch has amylose & amylopectin made of D+glucose units. Amylose consists of linear chains of glucose linked in C1-C4 manner & amylopectin consists of linear chains in C1-C6 manner
In cellulose, only B-D glucose are linked to each other in C1-C4 manner
D glucose with HI
hexane
D glucose with Br2 water
Gluconic acid COOH-(CHOH)4-CH2OH
D glucose with HNO3
saccharic acid COOH-(CHOH)4-COOH
Explain the rns of D glucose which cannot be obtained by open structure
Doesn’t give 2,4 DNP test, Schiff’s test, doesn’t react with NaHSO3
Pentaacetate of glucose cannot react with NH2OH
alpha & beta glucosides cannot be explained by open structure
List essential amino acids
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Tryptophan
Threonine
Histidine
Valine
Isoleucine
Phenylalanine
Methionine
Lysine
Leucine
List non essential amino acids
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Alanine, Asparagine, Glutamate, Glutamine, Cysteine, Aspartate, Glycine, Tyrosine, Proline and Serine
Peptide link
Link btn COOH and NH2 ie CONH
Primary structure amino acids
Sequence in which they are arranged
Secondary structure amino acids
Structures formed due to H bonding - alpha helical and B pleated
Tertiary structure amino acids
Energetically stable structures - fibrous and globular
Quarternary structure amino acids
Arrangement of polypeptide chains with each other
Globular Vs Fibrous proteins
Globular: Arranged in coils, spherical shape, water soluble, insulin, albumins
Fibrous: Arranged || to each other, thread like, insoluble, keratin, myosin
Zwitter Ion
dipolar ion which both +ve and -ve part on same compound
Effect of denaturing of proteins
only primary structure remains, globular protein converts to fibrous protein and its biological activity is lost
Enzymes which catalyse oxidation of 1 substrate with reduction of another substrate
oxidoreductase
why is glycine optically inactive?
it is not a chiral carbon
D or L configuration for amino acids means
D means NH2 is on right
L means NH2 on left
Types of nucleic acids
DNA & RNA
What does DNA do?
Transmits hereditory characters from one to generation to another
What does RNA do?
Synthesises protein in the cell
Nucleic acid consists of
Pentose sugar, nitrogenous base & phosphoric acid
Nucleoside consists
Base & sugar
Nucleotide
Combination of nucleoside & phosphoric acid
DNA structure
alpha helical
Products formed when nucleotide from dna containing thymine is hydrolysed
Deoxyribose sugar, phosphoric acid, purine bases like guanine & adenine, pyrimidine bases like thymine & cytosine
Structure of RNA vs DNA
RNA: Quantities of different bases are different, Single stranded structure
DNA: double stranded, 4 complementary bases paired with each other, products have definite molar ratio.
Cytosine pairs with
Guanine
Thymine pairs with
Adenine
Vitamin responsible for coagulation of blood
K
Vitamin A
Fish liver oil, carrots, butter, milk
Night blindness
Vitamin C
amla, citrus fruits, green leavy veggies
Scurvy
Nucleoside VS nucleotide
Nucleoside: base + sugar, adenosine, guanosine
Nucleotide: nucleoside + phosphoric acid, adenylic acid, guanylic acid
The two strands in dna are not identical but are complementary. Why?
The two strands are held by H bond, Adenine is bound thymine & guanine to cytosine. Due to this base pairing principle, sequence of bases in 1 strand fixed the sequence of bases in other strands.
DNA VS RNA
DNA contains cytosine & thymine as bases, high MM(>10M), replication, transmission of hereditary chars.
RNA contains cytosine & uracil as bases, low MM(20K to 25K), doesn’t replicate, controls protein synthesis
Types of RNA
messenger, tranfer, ribosomal
DNA has a ___________ backbone
phosphate - sugar
Out of the four different kinds of nitrogenous bases which are commonly found in DNA,
___________ has been replaced in some organisms.
cytosine
Which biopolymer breaks down to release glucose , whenever glucose levels drop in
Our body :
glycogen
Cellulose on complete hydrolysis yields:
glucose