Solution chemistry Flashcards
Define saturated solution.
Solute that dissolves until it is unable to dissolve anymore.
Define supersaturated solution.
Solution containing more dissolved material than could be dissolved by the solvent under normal circumstances.
Define nonvolatile.
Substance that does not evaporate into a gas under existing conditions.
Define molarity (M).
number of moles of solute per litre
Define molality (m)
moles of solute per kg of solvent
Define density (p)
mass per unit volume at specific temperature
Define osmole.
moles of particles that contribute to the solution’s osmotic pressure
Define osmolarity.
osmoles/litre of solution
Define osmolality.
osmoles per kg of solution
Define electrolytes.
Solutes that dissolve in water to give a solution of ions that conduct electricity.
Give examples of strong electrolytes.
Salts, strong acids, strong bases
Give examples of weak electrolytes.
Weak acids/bases, soluble organic compounds, complexes
What are colligative properties dependent on?
the number of particles of solute present in solution
What are the three colligative properties to know?
Vapour-Pressure lowering
Boiling point elevation and freezing point depression
Osmotic pressure
What is the solubility product (Ksp)?
the equilibrium between the dissolved ions when substances have limited solubility.
What is an example of an equation for solubility product?
Ksp = [cation⁺] x [anion⁻]
What is the common-ion effect?
when in excess of one ion, the concentration of the other in suppressed
When does a precipitate form in a solution?
when the concentration of ions exceeds the solubility product
What is osmotic pressure?
the pressure required to prevent migration of a solvent
What is boiling point elevation?
The temperature required for boiling a solution increases with an increasing concentration of solute dissolved in it.
What is freezing point depression?
The temperature required for freezing decreases with an increasing amount of solute dissolved in it.
This is due to the lattice structure being disturbed by the different sizes of the solute molecules.
What is the equation for osmotic pressure?
π = CRT
C is solute concentration
R is gas constant/mole
T is temperature in kelvin
What is Raoult’s law?
the lowering of vapour pressure of a solvent is proportional to the mole fraction of solvent and independent of chemical nature of the solute
