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Soil Final Exam Flashcards

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1
Q

Which one is an epipedon

A

mollic

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2
Q

Dry soils with ochric epipedons, may have calcic subsurface horizon

A

aridisol

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3
Q

Soils that have permafrost within the upper horizons

A

gelisol

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4
Q

Which epipedon is human made?

A

Plaggen

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5
Q

Soils containing high amounts of organic matter and low bulk density, and develop under water-saturated conditions

A

histosol

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6
Q

Soils developed in volcanic ash deposits that are often composed of amorphous (non-crystalline) compounds

A

andisol

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7
Q

The order Spodosol, by definition, must have what diagnostic horizon

A

spodic

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8
Q

Soils high in swelling-type clays, deep cracks form at the surface when dry

A

vertisol

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9
Q

Moderate to high base saturation (>35%) in the argillic or natric diagnostic horizon

A

alfisol

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10
Q

Soft, dark-colored soils of grassland areas, >50% base saturation in surface horizons

A

mollisol

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11
Q

metamorphic form of limestone

A

marble

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12
Q

Contains an accumulation of silicate clays

A

Bt1

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13
Q

The mineral part of the pedosphere

A

lithosphere

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14
Q

Where is the highest point of elevation in Missouri?

A

Taum Sauk

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15
Q

Which texture has the most total pore space?

A

fine-texture soil such as clay

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16
Q

KAlSi3O8 + H2O → HAlSi3O8 + KOH where water reacts to form a more soluble compound

A

hydrolysis

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17
Q

materials moved in large landslides are this type of material

A

colluvial

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18
Q

In a horizon 2Bx1, the 1 indicates the

A

the subdivision of the subordinate horizon

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19
Q

Which bulk density value (g/cm3) is most likely an O horizon

A

0.6

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20
Q

the subordinate in 2Bx3

A

x

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21
Q

Horizon most likely to have granular structure

A

Ap

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22
Q

The top-most mineral horizon

A

A

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23
Q

The soil most likely to be well-drained (aerated)

A

7.5YR 4/6

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24
Q

CaCO3 → Ca2+ + CO3 2- is an example of a breakdown into ions

A

dissolution

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25
Q

Which bulk density value (g/cm3) would most likely restrict root growth

A

1.8

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26
Q

an alluvial fan is made of materials that have been

A

wahed down by water at the base of a slope

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27
Q

Horizon most likely to have angular blocky structure

A

Bt

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28
Q

What is a “loam” soil?

A

a soil that exhibits properties of equal amounts of sand, silt, and clay. The texture is not equal amounts of sand, silt, and clay however. Clay has a strong influence on soil properties, so a loam soil is a textural class with less than 33% (1/3) clay.

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29
Q

breakdown of rocks into smaller sizes, without a change in composition

A

physical weathering

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30
Q

The zone of maximum eluviation is the master horizon

A

E

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31
Q

cultivation (plowing) of a soil for may years will cause the bulk density of the A horizon to

A

increase over time

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32
Q

Indicates the redness or yellowness of a soil

A

Hue

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33
Q

shale

A

sedimentary clay

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34
Q

Has the greatest amount of surface area per unit volume

A

clay

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35
Q

0.0015 mm diameter particle

A

clay

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36
Q

organic matter being carried to the B horizon by an ant collony (or cheetas)

A

translocations

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37
Q

Most (over 95%) of soils in Missouri are

A

mineral soils

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38
Q

The particle density of a soil will always be ________ the bulk density of the same soil

A

Greater than

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39
Q

drumlins and morains are made from this type of deposited material

A

glacial

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40
Q

oxidation of iron minerals in B horizon

A

Transformations

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41
Q

Percent of the Earth’s entire crust suitable for food production is

A

about 3% (1/32)

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42
Q

Which statement is true about the official state soil of Missouri?

A

primarily silty

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43
Q

rock made from the reformed sediments from the breakdown of other rocks

A

sedimentary

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44
Q

part of the soil color that changes when a dry soil becomes wet

A

Value

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45
Q

5.00 mm diameter particle

A

coarse fragment (not a soil separate)

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46
Q

type of rock formed directly from molten/volcanic materials

A

igneous

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47
Q

chemical reaction of iron compounds in the soil exposed to oxygen and “rusting”

A

oxidation-reduction

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48
Q

humans spreading fertilizer on soil surface

A

additions

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49
Q

Stoke’s Law indicates that this soil separate is the first to fall out of a soil suspension and settle out of solution

A

sand

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50
Q

Horizon not included in the “solum”

A

C

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51
Q

The zone of maximum illuviation is the master horizon

A

B

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52
Q

Contains a fragipan

A

Bx2

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53
Q

parent material usually found in flood plains

A

alluvial

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54
Q

of the choices below, what soil would have the most sand?

A

loamy sand

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55
Q

Indicates water logged conditions for prolonged periods of time

A

a low chroma

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56
Q

When texturing a soil by hand, pressing the soil between your thumb and fore finger into a thin length until it breaks apart is a process called

A

ribboning

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57
Q

someone who studies soil from the standpoint of profile development, classification, and descriptions would be called a

A

pedologist

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58
Q

More organic matter in a soil will be indicated in the color by

A

a lower value

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59
Q

0.20 mm diameter particle

A

sand

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60
Q

granite

A

igneous

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61
Q

The soil most red in hue

A

2.5YR 5/7

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62
Q

CaSO4 +H2O → CaSO4.H20 in which water is incorporated

A

hydration

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63
Q

Elephant Rock state park has examples of __________ rock, when a majority of the bedrock in Missouri is ______________.

A

igneous; sedimentary

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64
Q

sand dunes are made by these types of transported materials

A

eolian

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65
Q

A transition horizon

A

BC

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66
Q

loess hills of NW Missouri and Eastern Iowa are made of this type of material

A

eolian

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67
Q

When texturing by hand, a “gritty” feel indicates

A

more sand in the sample

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68
Q

In a horizon 2Bt3, the 2 indicates the

A

a change in parent material

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69
Q

In a video we watched Dr. Weil, one our our authors of our textbook, described a soil condition of a plow pan. Describe the soil condition he was talking about and how it was formed. Discuss one way to improve this condition in the soil.

A

Dr. Weil was describing a plow pan, a layer of compacted, higher density soil caused by machinery and plowing of soil. This density causes roots not to grow into that layer and restricts water movment, so essentially we are groing crops with roots only in the top 6-10 inches of the soil and not utilizing the soil depth of our fields. Ways to improve a plow pan would be to grow deeply rooted plants and ones with large taproots. Another way we talked about in class was to use machinery to deeply knife/rip the soil past the plow pan depth.

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70
Q

basalt

A

igneous

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71
Q

What are the 5 factors of soil formation?

A

Parent material

Climate (temperature and rainfall)

Biota (living organisms)

Topography (relief)

Time

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72
Q

Indicates how brightness or dullness (gray) of a color

A

Chroma

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73
Q

type of rock that has been changed due to high temperature and pressure

A

metamorphic

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74
Q

organic parent materials made from woody plant material

A

terrestic peat

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75
Q

What is the difference between soil texture and soil structure?

A

soil texture is the relative amounts of sand, silt, and clay in the soil. structure is the arrangement of sand, silt, clay, and OM (the shapes that are made).

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76
Q

In the color 5Y 3/4 the value is

A

3

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77
Q

Isomorphic substitution in the octahedral sheet

A

Aluminum is removed and replaced with magnesium

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78
Q

bentonite, used to seal to bottom of ponds, is this type of clay

A

Montmorillonite

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79
Q

A tetrahedron is a

A

four-sided structure with a Si in the pore

80
Q

“tropical clays”, iron and aluminum oxides

A

Oxide-hydroxide clays

81
Q

Which statement is true about soil pH?

A

nutrient availability for plant uptake can be affected by soil pH

82
Q

If the pHw of a soil is 6.0 then the pHs is about equal to

A

5.5

83
Q

What causes some clays to be considered “shrink/swell” clays that expand in volume when wetted? What causes other types of clays to not shrink/swell?

A

1) shrink/swell clays expand in volume due to its large interlayer between the sheets of its crystalline structure. Water can enter the interlayer and expand the volume of the clay.

2) Clays that don’t shrink/swell do not have a space in the interlayer, it is either small or closed off so water cannot get in.

84
Q

Of the colloids listed, which one has the lowest CEC

A

Oxide-hydroxide clays

85
Q

Organic colloids have a large CEC because of

A

A large number of pH dependent sites

86
Q

In general, the lower (smaller number) the % Base Saturation of a soil, the ______ the pH of the soil.

A

Lower (smaller number)

87
Q

Neutralizable Acidity is a measurement of which pool of acidity in a soil?

A

Exchangeable acidity

88
Q

the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration

A

pH

89
Q

BONUS: the pH of CocaCola (or any cola) is about

A

2.2

90
Q

A 2:1 clay structure indicates each layer is

A

Tetrahedral sheet: octahedral sheet: tetrahedral sheet

91
Q

An octahedron is

A

An eight-sided structure with an Al in the pore

92
Q

What is the “buffering capacity” of a soil? How does CEC of the soil affect buffering capacity (what is the general relationship between CEC and buffering capacity)?

A

1) buffering capacity is the ability of the soil to resist changes in pH

2) the greater the CEC, the greater the buffering capacity

93
Q

pH is a measurement of

A

Active acidity

94
Q

Ol’ MacDonald had a farm, and on that farm he spread some nitrogen fertilizer. He choose to spread nitrate (NO3) based fertilizer, rather than ammonium (NH4) based fertilizer. How should Ol’ MacDonald expect his soil pH to change as a result of appying nitrate? (1pt) EXPLAIN how each of these fertilizers, both ammonium and nitrate, affect soil pH and why they do so. (4pts)

A

Ol’ MacDonald should expect his soil to become less acidic (higher pH).

When ammonium is present, the roots of plants release a hydrogen into the soil in order to take up an NH4+. The addition of hydrogens in the soil will lower the soil pH, making it more acidic. WHen nitrate is present, roots take up 3 H+ with it, reducing the acidity in the soil solution and raising the pH of the soil.

95
Q

What is the difference between active acidity, exchangeable acidity, and residual acidity in a soil?

A

active = hydrogens in soil solution; exchangeable = hydrogens adsorbed to soil colloids exchange sites (negative sites, CEC) that can easily exchange into solution; residual are hydrogens strongly imbeded in the colloid structure and will not exchange off the colloids into solution.

96
Q

One way a land owner could manage their soil to increase the soil CEC would be to

A

Manage the soil to increase % organic matter

97
Q

2:1 limited expanding clay

A

Vermiculite

98
Q

permanent negative sites in silicate clays are caused by this

A

isomorphic substitution

99
Q

2:2 (2:1:1) non-expanding clay

A

Chlorite

100
Q

1:1 non-expanding clay

A

Kaolinite

101
Q

A pH of 6.0 has __________hydrogen ions than pH 4.0

A

100 times less

102
Q

BONUS: the most abundant metal in the Earth’s crust

A

Al

103
Q

Of the colloids listed, which one has the greatest CEC?

A

Humus

104
Q

2:1 highly-expanding clay

A

Montmorillonite

105
Q

A 1:1 clay structure indicates each layer is

A

tetrahedral sheet: octahedral sheet

106
Q

Which soil would have the greatest CEC?

A

15% organic matter and 20% clay

107
Q

commonly used for clay pottery due to its low shrink/swell potential

A

kaolinite

108
Q

pH dependent negative sites in silicate clays are caused by this

A

ionization of hydrogen

109
Q

Neutralizable Acidity is a measurement of

A

Adsorbed hydrogens

110
Q

The general range of soil pH where nutrient availability is maximum for plants

A

5.5-7.0

111
Q

A pH of 5.0 has __________hydrogen ions than pH 6.0

A

10 times more

112
Q

A non-expanding (does not shrink/swell) clay

A

illite

113
Q

Is an organic colloid

A

Humus

114
Q

the total exchangeable cations a soil can adsorb

A

cation exchange capacity

115
Q

“Permanent or constant” negative sites of silicate clay structures arise from

A

Isomorphic substitution within the tetrahedral or octahedral sheets

116
Q

2:1 non-expanding clay

A

Illite

117
Q

pHw is a measurement of

A

Acidity in soil solution

118
Q

Across the world, many people grow crops on acidic soils. A big problem that can occur for the plants growing on acidic soils is

A

aluminum toxicity

119
Q

Which fertilizer contains both N and P

A

monoammonium phosphate

120
Q

Bonus question (2pts) What is Milorganite?

A

biosolids from Milwauke WI

121
Q

Another term for “humus”

A

stable organic matter

122
Q

is applied as a calcium fertilizer but also used to stabilize soil structure

A

Gypsum

123
Q

Organisms that create their own food from inorganic sources are

A

Autotrophs

124
Q

Soil microbes use which mechanism to make nutrients available to plants?

A

Produce of enzymes

Alter the soil pH

Produce organic acids

Dissolve minerals

125
Q

Calcitic Limestone is

A

Calcium carbonate

126
Q

Dolomitic Limestone is

A

Calcium magnesium carbonate

127
Q

The capacity to carry out a variety of biological processes describes what?

A

Functional diversity

128
Q

The breakdown process of organic matter to a useable nutrient form is

A

Mineralization

129
Q

Fungi in the soil that help symbiotic plants gain nutrients from the soil

A

mycorrhizae

130
Q

What does ENM stand for? What two properties of lime are involved in determining the ENM value of the lime?

A

Effective neutralizable material (1pts). Purity (calcium carbonate equivalent) and size of the partilces/grind. (4pts)

131
Q

Assume for a tomato crop you need to lime with calcitic limestone. The local limestone dealer has a source there with an ENM of 430 and a source with an EMG of 40. The soil test report suggests 520 ENM and 55 EMG. How much calcitic limestone should you apply in tons/acre? Show all work. Round to two decimal places. Include units in your answer.

A

Calcitic = ENM of soil test / ENM from dealer =520/430 = 1.21 tons/ acre

132
Q

The process of microbes converting nitrogen gas (N2) from the atmosphere into compounds useable by plants is

A

Nitrogen fixation

133
Q

The decomposition rate of soybean residue is much faster than corn stover because soyben residue has

A

a carbon to nitrogen ratio less than 25:1 (much more nitrogen)

134
Q

How much of 0-46-0 fertilizer would you apply to meet one of the nutrient requirements from a soil test report suggesting 55 pounds per acre N, 35 pounds per acre P2O5, and 45 pounds per acre K2O. Show all work. Round your answer to one decimal place. Include units in your answer.

A

lbs fert = lbs nutrient/% in decimal form

0-46-0 46 is your percent P2O5. Decimal form: 0.46

lbs fert = 35 lbs P2O5 / 0.46

76.1 lbs per acre fertilizer 0-46-0

135
Q

A “complete” fertilizer

A

13-13-13

136
Q

What is the difference between active organic matter and stable organic matter in soil?

A

active organic matter as the portion that is decomposing. (2pts) stable organic matter is the result of decomposition (can take many years and decades to form) (2pts)

137
Q

is applied as a magnesium fertilizer

A

Epsom salt

138
Q

If the %Mg saturation of a soil is 8.2% and you want to grow a hay crop for beef cattle (for animal consumption). The soil test report recommends applying limestone. What type of lime should you apply, calcitic or dolomitic? Explain your answer.

A

Hay crop is for animal consumption, so use the 10% Mg cutoff rule.(1pt) 8.3% is less than 10% so you need to add Mg (2pt). Add DOLOMITIC lime because it has Mg. (1pt)

139
Q

A 10-20-30 fertilizer is equilavent to

A

20% by weight phosphate

140
Q

What form of fertilizer does a plant prefer to take up? organic or mineral

A

plant does not prefer one source over the other, as long as the nutrient is in an available form in the soil

141
Q

0-0-60

A

Murate of potash

142
Q

In a 50 pound bag of 26-12-5 fertilizer, how many pounds of potash equivalent does it contain? Show all work. Round your answer to one decimal place. Include units in your answer

A

lbs of fert = lbs of nutrient / % of nutrient in decimal form

50= lbs K20 / 0.05

50*0.05=

2.5 lbs potash

143
Q

The EMG stated on Missouri soil test reports is used to

A

Determine the dolomitic limestone recommendation application rate

144
Q

Applications of limestone on soils will

A

increase the soil pHw

145
Q

46-0-0

A

Urea

146
Q

0-46-0

A

Triple super phosphate

147
Q

micronutrient in a chelated form

A

Zn-EDTA

148
Q

liquid N fertilizer that is injected as a liquid into the soil to decrease volatilization

A

Anhydrous ammonia

149
Q

Makes up a majority (60-90%) of the total organic matter in the soil

A

stable organic matter

150
Q

The most abundant nutrient added to cropland as fertilizer worldwide

A

Nitrogen

151
Q

Jane would like to grow blueberries in her yard but knows she needs to make her soil more acidic. Which fertilizer could she apply to do this?

A

Elemental sulfur

152
Q

82-0-0

A

Anhydrous ammonia

153
Q

a source of potassium

A

Murate of potash

154
Q

Which type of fertilizer will cause the soil pH to decrease, ammonium-based or nitrate-based? And, why does the soil pH decrease overtime?

A

ammonium based fertilizers decrease soil pH (1pt) Plant roots take up ammonium and release a H+ into the soil, decreasing soil pH (4pts)

155
Q

What is the %Mg saturation of a soil with test results of the following: P = 25 lbs/A, K =298 lbs/A, Ca=2140 lbs/A, Mg=250 lbs/A, Organic matter = 2.2%, N.A.=1.0 meq/100g, CEC = 7.77 meq/100g? Show all work. Round to one decimal. Include units in your answer.

A

Correct

%Mg = lbs Mg/ 240 *100 / CEC

= (250/240)*100 / 7.77

= 13.4%Mg

156
Q

What is not a role of soil organisms?

A

Soil erosion

157
Q

A nitrogen fertilizer that often has losses from volatilization if unproperly applied

A

Urea

158
Q

The following land capability classes are recommended for cultivation according to the USDA Land Classification System

A

Classes 1-4

159
Q

An example of a soil phase

A

Hoberg silt loam, 1-5% slopes

160
Q

What is the family of: Adelaide silt loam, 2 to 8 % slopes, a loamy, mixed, superactive, mesic, shallow Cambidic Haplodurids

A

a loamy, mixed, superactive, mesic, shallow Cambidic Haplodurids

161
Q

The most generalized (least specific) category in Soil Taxonomy

A

Order

162
Q

What is the subgroup of: Nard ashy loam, 25 to 45 percent north slopes, a fine-loamy, isotic, frigid Vitrandic Haploxeralf

A

Vitrandic Haploxeralf

163
Q

The term for the system to classify soils based on measurable soil properties (morphological, chemical, mineralogical)

A

Soil Taxonomy

164
Q

soils most likely found in Hawaii, due to being formed from volcanic ejecta

A

andisols

165
Q

The official soil series of Missouri is

A

Menfro

166
Q

What is the Order of: Adelaide silt loam, 2 to 8 % slopes, a loamy, mixed, superactive, mesic, shallow Cambidic Haplodurids

A

aridisol

167
Q

A soil that was recently deposited during a flood event, such as along the Missouri River floodplain, would be a

A

Entisol

168
Q

Histosols have this epipedon, very high in organic content

A

histic

169
Q

Which soil has a Great Group describing “no distinquishing features”?

A

Cedargap very gravelly loam, 1 to 3% slopes, occasionally flooded, a loamy-skeletal, mixed, superactive, hyperthermic, Cumulic Hapludolls

170
Q

In Missouri soil surveys, the soil map uses this taxonomic group as map units

A

Phase

171
Q

A surface diagnostic horizon high in organic matter like a mollic, but low in base saturation (less than 50%)

A

umbric

172
Q

What is the Order of: Owyhigh-Ipsut-Tipsoo complex, 25 to 100 percent slopes, a medial, glassy Andic Haplocryods

A

spodosol

173
Q

synonymous with the term polypedon; consists of soils that are similar in profile characteristics such as color, texture, and structure

A

Soil series

174
Q

An example of a soil with a mean annual temperature of 15-22 degrees Celsius (common to southern Missouri)

A

a clayey, mixed, active, thermic Typic Hapludults

175
Q

The most specific category in Soil Taxonomy

A

Series

176
Q

a mapping unit used in detailed soil surveys where two or more taxonomic units are so intermixed that it is impractical to separate them

A

Soil complex

177
Q

Which soil is most likely the youngest, least weathered and developed (considering the Order of each soil)

A

Cedar loam, 0 to 2% slopes, occasionally flooded, a loamy-skeletal, mixed, superactive, hyperthermic, Cumulic Haplaquent

178
Q

An example of a soil with a mean annual temperature of greater than 22 degrees Celsius (common to tropical climates)

A

a fine-loamy, siliceous, superactive, hyperthermic Aquic Hapludalfs

179
Q

a three-dimensional volume of soil extending from the surface downward to the depth of plant roots; the smallest unit that is called a “soil”

A

Pedon

180
Q

If your land has a Capability Class of ________, you should not crop it and only leave it for wildlife habitat

A

Class 8

181
Q

Which soil has a Great Group describing “old land surfaces”?

A

Moniteau silt loam, 1 to 3 % slopes, rarely flooded, a fine-silty, mixed, active, thermic Typic Paleaquult

182
Q

a grouping of soils found together in a geographical area that consists of 2 or more soil series

A

Soil association

183
Q

the term for diagnostic horizons that occur at the soil surface (surface diagnostic horizon such as mollic or umbric)

A

Epipedons

184
Q

A soil containing a fragipan subsurface diagnostic horizon would have the genetic horizon

A

Bx

185
Q

A subsurface diagnostic horizon that oxisols must contain

A

Oxic

186
Q

A soil containing an argillic subsurface diagnostic horizon would have the genetic horizon

A

Bt

187
Q

Which soil is under humid climates (identified by the suborder prefix)

A

Alsup cobbly silt loam, 8 to 15% slopes, a fine, mixed, active, mesic Typic Fragiudalf

188
Q

The Land Capability Subclass that is limited for production due to a susceptibility to erosion

A

3e

189
Q

Eventhough it can get cold here in Missouri, these soils are not found in MIssouri. They contain permafrost

A

gelisols

190
Q

What is the suborder of: Alsup cobbly silt loam, 8 to 15% slopes, a fine, mixed, active, mesic Oxyaquic Fragiudalf

A

Udalf

191
Q

What is the series of: Nard ashy loam, 25 to 45 percent north slopes, a fine-loamy, isotic, frigid Vitrandic Haploxeralf

A

Nard

192
Q

a diagnostic subsurface horizon of silicate clay accumulation

A

argillic

193
Q

The farmland classification that designates a soil as not the best combination of characteristics for crop production, but is used for the production of specific high-value food and fiber crops (such as vineyards in Missouri)

A

unique farmland

194
Q

What is the greatgroup of: Nard ashy loam, 25 to 45 percent north slopes, a fine-loamy, isotic, frigid Vitrandic Haploxeralf

A

Haploxeralf

195
Q

Of the soils listed, these would be considered the most weathered and acidic

A

ultisols

196
Q

Karls Hall was built on

A

Creldon silt loam

197
Q

Which soil order is NOT found in Missouri?

A

Aridisol

Plant Science (9 decks)

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