Forestry Flashcards
Gifford Pinchot supported the ideas of conservation and sustainable use for forest areas.
True
Theodore Roosevelt used the Homestead Act to set aside forest reserves.
false
Ultisols are highly weathered soils with relatively high acidity.
true
The U.S. Forest Service was, at one time, under the Department of the Interior.
false
Flocculation is the adhering of soil particles under wet conditions.
true
The stand initiation stage of forest stand development typically favors shade tolerant tree
species.
false
All nitrogen in an ecosystem’s nutrient cycle originally comes from the atmosphere
true
Conservationists traditionally promote the idea of non-use (leave-alone) for natural resources.
false
Site index is a site quality measure based on tree diameter
false
Conifers tend to favor soils with high acidity
true
What are the three major components of Forest Ecology?
a) Composition, Structure, Function
b) Composition, Site, Function
c) Site, Disturbance, Succession
a) Composition, Structure, Function
Interception of precipitation by trees and other plant life typically:
a) Increases infiltration of water into the soil
b) Increases surface runoff
c) Reduces surface runoff and erosion
d) a and c
e) a and b
a) Increases infiltration of water into the soil
c) Reduces surface runoff and erosion
Recall the water balance formula P Q E S
, where
S
is the “change” in soil water storage.
If P = 10, Q = 7, and E = 5, has soil water storage increased or decreased?
a) Increased
b) Decreased
b) Decreased
- Increased rainfall/snowfall would most likely have what effect(s)?
a) Increased transpiration
b) Increased interception
c) Decreased fire risk
d) All of the above
a) Increased transpiration
b) Increased interception
c) Decreased fire risk
The Florida Everglades have a tendency for high temperatures, humid conditions and high rainfall due
to maritime climate conditions prevalent in that part of the U.S. The climate conditions in the Everglades
is an example of what?
a) Microclimate
b) Macroclimate
Macroclimate
A south-facing hillside next to one of several large lakes on the eastern edge of Medicine Bow
National Forest in Wyoming tends to have higher humidity, more stable temperature fluctuations, and
slightly higher precipitation than many of the surrounding areas. This is an example of what?
a) Microclimate
b) Macroclimate
Microclimate
“The Greatest Good for the Greatest Number in the Long Run” or some variation thereof, was a quote
often used by what person, for the purpose of describing what concept?
a) George Perkins Marsh, Conservation
b) Gifford Pinchot, Conservation
c) John Muir, Conservation
d) Gifford Pinchot, Preservation
e) None of the above
b) Gifford Pinchot, Conservation
In early settlement days, the shortleaf pine region of the Ozarks was not heavily exploited because of
what?
a) Poor agricultural land
b) Low timber value
c) Isolation
d) a and c
Isolation
Poor agricultural land
If a soil has a high amount of gravel present in the upper horizons, this does what to the bulk density
of the soil?
a) Does not change it
b) Decreases it
c) Increases it
d) None of the above
a) Does not change it
If a soil has 20% clay, 40% silt, and 40% sand, what type of soil is it with regard to texture?
a) Clay
b) Sandy loam
c) Loam
d) Silty clay
e) None of the above
Loam
If a soil has 45% clay, 45% silt, and 10% sand, what type of soil is it with regard to texture?
a) Clay
b) Sandy loam
c) Loam
d) Silty clay
e) None of the above
d) Silty clay
The forest leaf litter (O horizon) can have what effects on soil temperature?
a) Low thermal conductivity
b) High thermal conductivity
a) Low thermal conductivity
Ultisols are strongly leached, acidic soils. What inputs do Ultisols often need to make them more
suitable for row cropping?
a) Calcium (Ca)
b) Iron (Fe)
c) Ammonia
d) Carbon
a) Calcium (Ca)
Conifers tend to fair better than hardwoods and many other plants on acidic soils due to their ability
to absorb what?
a) Fe (Iron)
b) Ca (Calcium)
c) NO2 (Nitrite)
d) NO3 (Nitrate)
e) None of the above
c) NO2 (Nitrite)
Soil type and topography are criteria that have been used in the past to gauge site quality. Why is
site index a more favored method for foresters to measure site quality?
a) Ease of measure
b) Dependence of tree height on stand density
c) Correlation between height and volume (site productivity)
d) a and c
a) Ease of measure
c) Correlation between height and volume (site productivity)
Say that a forest is hit by a tornado, leaving only about 10% of the trees standing, what type of
disturbance is this?
a) Light disturbance
b) Regeneration disturbance
c) Rejuvenation disturbance
d) Primary succession
b) Regeneration disturbance
Say that a forest fire gets started and manages to get into the upper canopy (crown fire) where it
causes destruction of most of the forest. What type of disturbance is this?
a) Top-down disturbance
b) Bottom-up disturbance
b) Bottom-up disturbance
When a tree gets uprooted by a tree, a mound and a pit is formed by the root system of the tree.
Which of the following is true about the soil in the mound compared to surrounding soils?
a) Warmer
b) Dryer
c) Lower bulk density
d) a and b
e) a, b and c
a) Warmer
b) Dryer
c) Lower bulk density
Much of the soil in northern Canada and Alaska are Gelisols. Aside from being almost perpetually
frozen, the low temperatures inhibit what kind of activity that results in high amounts of organic
matter?
a) Weathering of parent material
b) Decomposition
c) Nitrification
b) Decomposition
The base age of site index is often 50 years. Under what conditions might one choose a lower base
age (say 25 years)?
a) Fast tree growth
b) High forest density
c) Slow tree growth
d) Poor soil drainage
a) Fast tree growth
Site index is measured on which trees in a forest stand?
a) Any live trees
b) Trees of the most abundant species
c) Understory trees
d) Dominant and Co-dominant trees
d) Dominant and Co-dominant trees
A forest stand that is composed principally of one species that makes up at least 80% of the stand is a:
a) Mixed Stand
b) Pure Stand
c) Dead Stand
d) Mature Stand
b) Pure Stand
You measure a white oak for site quality during a forest inventory, the tree was 80 years old with a
total height of 70 ft. What is the site index?
a) 80 ft.
b) 70 ft.
c) 60 ft.
d) 50 ft.
e) 40 ft
d) 50 ft.
You measure a white oak for site quality during a forest inventory, the tree was 60 years old with a
total height of 90 ft. What is the site index?
a) 80 ft.
b) 70 ft.
c) 60 ft.
d) 50 ft.
e) 40 ft
a) 80 ft.
A multiple-cohort (multiple age class) stand is also referred to as a:
a) Even-aged stand
b) Uneven-aged stand
c) Pioneer stand
b) Uneven-aged stand
Low-level ground fires in a forest can:
a) Reduce undesirable understory species
b) Reduce fuel load on the ground
c) Promote advanced regeneration of desirable species (e.g. Oaks)
d) All of the above
a) Reduce undesirable understory species
b) Reduce fuel load on the ground
c) Promote advanced regeneration of desirable species (e.g. Oaks)
Massive and columnar soil aggregations are most likely to occur in:
a) The upper soil horizons
b) The lower soil horizons
c) On top of the soil
b) The lower soil horizons
What is a key characteristic of Fragipan soils?
a) Poor infiltration and drainage
b) Good infiltration and drainage
a) Poor infiltration and drainage
Which of the following is NOT an adaption to fire?
a) Thin bark
b) Serotinous cones
c) Deep root system
d) All of the above are adaptations to fire
a) Thin bark
The primary stages of soil development include: additions, losses, translocations and ________.
a) Transportations
b) Transformations
c) Cross-examinations
Transformations
(3 points) Succession taking place on a landscape after a volcanic eruption and lava flow is what type
of succession?
a) Primary succession
b) Secondary succession
a) Primary succession
(3 points) Succession taking place on a site following an intense forest fire is what type of
succession?
a) Primary succession
b) Secondary succession
b) Secondary succession
(3 points) The stand development stage with the greatest competition between trees for growing space
is:
a) Stem exclusion stage
b) Stand initiation stage
c) Old growth stage
d) Understory re-initiation stage
a) Stem exclusion stage
(3 points) What legislation enabled Theodore Roosevelt to put aside forest lands (later to become the
national forests)?
a) Homestead Act
b) Forest Reserve Act
c) Arkansas Act
d) Volstead Act
b) Forest Reserve Act
You measure a white oak tree and find that it is 50 years old with a height of 45 feet. What
is the site index? You can look at the chart if you wish, but you should be able to answer this question
without it.
a) 50
b) 55
c) 45
d) 65
45
Basal area (BAt) of a tree is calculated using both tree DBH and tree height.
false
- T | F A common device for measuring tree DBH is a Biltmore Stick.
true
- T | F The expansion factor (EFt) of a tree measured in a 1/100th acre plot will be 10.
false
If a tree is classified as Acceptable Growing Stock (AGS) then it has no merchantable value.
false
- T | F A disturbance event that kills very few trees in a forest stand is called a Regeneration Disturbance
false
- T | F Circular plots are the most common type of fixed-area plot used in forest measurements.
true
- T | F When using point sampling, each tree in the forest stand has an equal probability of being selected
false
The value used for calculating individual tree basal area (BAt) is called the Forester’s Constant.
true
- T | F Pioneer tree species tend to be shade tolerant.
false
Silviculture is the science of manipulating forest ecosystems to meet multiple forest management
objectives.
true
- A forest stand that is composed principally of one species that makes up at least 80% of the stand is a:
b) Pure Stand
- The stand development stage with the greatest competition between trees for growing space is:
a) Stem exclusion stage
You measure a northern red oak tree and get a DBH of 18 inches. What is the basal area (BAt) of this
tree? Be sure to round your answer up to the nearest tenth (one decimal place) and choose the
closest answer.
c) 1.8 ft2
You measure a fixed-area 1/10th acre plot and tally 5 trees in the plot. What is the plot-level estimate
of trees per acre (TPAp)?
a) 100 TPA
b) 50 TPA
c) 60 TPA
d) 80 TPA
b) 50 TPA
- Which of the following is NOT an adaption to fire?
a) Thick bark
b) Serotinous cones
c) Deep root system
d) All of the above are adaptations to fire
d) All of the above are adaptations to fire.
A forest stand has a mean DBH of 8 inches, and a stand-level BA/ac estimate of 60 ft2
/ac. What is
the stocking level of this stand?
Understocked
If a stand has a mean DBH of 8 inches, how many trees per acre (TPA) will need to be left in the
stand to have B-level stocking?
a) 150
b) 175
c) 200
d) 225
175
Say you have a forest stand with a mean DBH of 12 inches. If you want to do a Goemetric Thin to
reduce stocking to B-level stocking, what spacing would you use?
a) 24ft x 24ft
b) 18ft x 18ft
c) 30ft x 30ft
d) 22ft x 22ft
a) 24ft x 24ft
- What is the stand-level mean estimate of TPA?
a) 110
b) 105
c) 90
d) 85
110
In a point sample, would tree B be “In”, “Out”, or “Borderline”?
Out
. Say you have a forest stand with a mean DBH of 9 inches. If you want to do a Geometric Thin to
reduce stocking to B-level stocking, what spacing would you use?
a) 24ft x 24ft
b) 18ft x 18ft
c) 30ft x 30ft
d) 22ft x 22ft
b) 18ft x 18ft
Succession taking place on a site following an intense forest fire is what type of succession?
a) Primary succession
b) Secondary succession
b) Secondary succession
You measure a shagbark hickory and get a DBH of 7 inches. What is the basal area (BAt) of this tree?
Be sure to round your answer up to the nearest tenth (one decimal place) and choose the closest
answer.
a) 0.3 ft2
b) 0.5 ft2
c) 1.1 ft2
d) 1.2 ft2
a) 0.3 ft2
- If a fixed area plot has 5 tallied trees and a plot-level TPAp of 100, what is the plot size?
a) 1/10th acre
b) 1/50th acre
c) 1/20th acre
d) 1/100th acre
c) 1/20th acre
- A forest stand that is composed of multiple species, each making up less than 80% of the stand is a:
a) Mixed Stand
- Epicormic branching can often increase under conditions of __________.
a) Low stand density
(3 points) Another name for Geometric Thinning is __________.
a) Crop Tree Release
b) Shelterwood
c) Basal Area Thinning
d) Thinning from Below
c) Basal Area Thinning
A forest stand is Understocked if:
a) Trees occupy all growing space but have room for development
b) Trees have occupied all the growing space in the stand and growth is restricted
c) Trees do not use all the available growing space
c) Trees do not use all the available growing space
A multiple cohort stand is also referred to as a:
a) Even-aged stand
b) Uneven-aged stand
c) Pioneer stand
b) Uneven-aged stand
The primary purpose of thinning is to reduce stand density to allow the tree _________
room to grow.
a) Leaves
b) Crowns
c) Bark
b) Crowns
During the stem exclusion stage of stand development, it is common to thin the stand down
to:
a) A-level Stocking
b) B-level Stocking
c) C-level Stocking
b) B-level Stocking
- T | F Overall stand density and stocking is not important during intermediate silvicultural treatments.
False
- T | F Girdling is generally a reliable method of killing the main bole (stem) of a tree without
immediately felling the tree
true
- T | F Geometric thinning is a method often used when the stand is approaching harvest age.
false
- T | F Low-forest methods produce forest stands that rely on seed for regeneration.
false
- T | F An even-aged forest has 3 or more cohorts.
false
- T | F Clearcutting is an even-aged silvicultural method.
true
- T | F The number of actively managed crop trees per acre will typically equal the total TPA in the
stand.
false
T | F Crop Tree Release will always remove the same number of tree surrounding each chosen crop
tree
false
T | F Crop Tree Release is typically an intermediate silvicultural treatment.
true
T | F Silvicultural systems are generally named after the type of regeneration harvest used.
true
An uneven-aged silvicultural system results in a forest stand that has _________ cohorts:
a) One
b) Three or more
c) Zero
b) Three or more
Another name for Geometric Thinning is __________.
a) Crop Tree Release
b) Shelterwood
c) Basal Area Thinning
d) Thinning from Below
c) Basal Area Thinning
. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Timber Stand Improvement (TSI)?
a) Desired species selection
b) Removal of undesirable trees
c) Protection of archeological sites
d) Maintaining health of edge habitat
c) Protection of archeological sites
The stand development stage in which geometric thinning usually takes place is:
a) Stem exclusion stage
b) Stand initiation stage
c) Old growth stage
d) Understory re-initiation stage
a) Stem exclusion stage
Say you have a forest stand with a mean DBH of 15 inches. If you want to do a Goemetric Thin to
reduce stocking to B-level stocking, what square spacing would you use?
a) 24ft x 24ft
b) 18ft x 18ft
c) 30ft x 30ft
d) 22ft x 22ft
e) None of the above
c) 30ft x 30ft
Say you have a forest stand with a mean DBH of 9 inches. If you want to do a Geometric Thin to
reduce stocking to A-level stocking, what spacing would you use?
a) 24ft x 24ft
b) 18ft x 18ft
c) 30ft x 30ft
d) 22ft x 22ft
e) None of the above
e) None of the above
At what age of a forest stand will you usually start to consider using Crop Tree Release as an
appropriate silvicultural treatment?
a) 5-10 years
b) 15 to 30 years
c) 40 to 60 years
d) > 100 years
c) 40 to 60 years
The three components of Ecological Forestry include: Intermediate Treatments, Recovery Periods,
and __________.
a) Old growth
b) Soil Preservation
c) Legacy Retention
d) Sprouting ability
c) Legacy Retention
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the “Command and Control” approach to forest
management?
a) Managing for reduced variability in forest stands
b) Managing for predictable and reliable forest production
c) Managing for mixed, uneven-aged forest systems
d) Commonly used on private industrial forest land
c) Managing for mixed, uneven-aged forest systems
. Which of the following is NOT a reason that you might manage a forest for higher complexity?
a) Improving wildlife habitat
b) Promoting growth of even-aged systems
c) Improving aesthetics
d) Supporting multiple-use objectives
b) Promoting growth of even-aged systems
Which of the following is NOT a type of tree species that will regenerate well in a seed tree system?
a) Shade-tolerant understory trees
b) Small-seeded species with wide seed dispersal
c) Shade-intolerant trees
d) Fast growing tree species
a) Shade-tolerant understory trees
Say you are planning to conduct a group selection harvest in a forest stand. The average height of
mature trees in an area you are planning to place one of the group selection cuts is 75 ft. What would
you want to be the maximum width of the opening created by this group selection cut?
a) 150 ft
b) 75 ft
c) 50 ft
d) 100 ft
a) 150 ft
(3 points) Under a shelterwood system, how much residual basal area (of retained trees) would you
leave on site after the establishment cut?
a) 5 – 15 ft2
/ac
b) 10 – 30 ft2
/ac
c) 30 – 50 ft2
/ac
d) 60 – 80 ft2
/ac
30 – 50 ft2
/ac
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of group selection systems?
a) Group selection is typically easier to implement than single-tree selection
b) Group selection has lower risk of damage to residual trees than single-tree selection
c) Smaller openings created during group selection promote regeneration of shade intolerant
species better than large openings
d) Group selection can be an important component for black bear habitat
Smaller openings created during group selection promote regeneration of shade intolerant
species better than large openings
Under a Seed Tree harvest system, how much residual basal area (of retained trees) would
you leave on site after the establishment cut?
a) 5 – 15 ft2
/ac
b) 10 – 30 ft2
/ac
c) 30 – 50 ft2
/ac
d) 60 – 80 ft2
/ac
b) 10 – 30 ft2
/ac
Here in the Central Hardwoods region, it is rare for all trees to actually be removed by
loggers during a clearcut. What is the most likely reason for this?
a) Loggers in this region are just lazy
b) Dr. Goerndt ordered them not to, or else
c) They leave pretty trees that they like
d) They leave trees that are of species and dbh classes that make them non-merchantable
d) They leave trees that are of species and dbh classes that make them non-merchantable
- T | F Oak species have opposite leaf arrangement.
false
- T | F Dendrology is simply defined as the scientific study of woody plants.
true
- T | F During a forest fire, a tree has to actually catch on fire to be killed.
false
- T | F There are some oak species that do not have lobed leaves.
true
- T | F Oak hybridization often occurs between a species of the red oak group and a species of the white
oak group.
false
- T | F Quercus macrocarpa is a member of the white oak group.
true
- T | F Juglans nigra is the only species that produces the chemical Juglone.
false
- T | F All elm species are in the family Fagaceae.
false
- T | F Shagbark hickory has pinnately compound leaves.
true
- T | F In a silvopasture agroforestry system, you want to grow trees with shallow root systems.
false
Which of the following is not an adaptation to fire that trees can have:
a) Serotinous Cones
b) Deep Root System
c) Thin Bark
d) Advance Regeneration
c) Thin Bark
Which of the following is a disadvantage that pretty much all of the agroforestry systems we
discussed have in common when compared to traditional row cropping and pasture management.
a) Provides protection for livestock and crops
b) Increases biodiversity of plants and animals
c) Helps to control soil erosion
d) Requires higher capital investment and silvical knowledge
d) Requires higher capital investment and silvical knowledge
Which of the following is NOT an ecological concern of forest management?
a) Pollution
b) Aesthetics
c) Lowered biodiversity
d) Invasive plant species
b) Aesthetics
Recall that one type of agroforestry we talked about was “forest farming”. Which of the following
might be grown in a forest farming system? Hint: forest farming utilizes the shaded understory.
a) Corn
b) Soybeans
c) Shitake mushrooms
d) Sugar beets
c) Shitake mushrooms
American elm used to be called the all-American shade tree. Now, mature examples of this species
are rarely seen due to ____________.
a) Chestnut blight
b) Bark beetle
c) Dutch elms disease
d) European sawfly
e) Emerald ash borer
c) Dutch elms disease
The main characteristic of Carya cordiformis that differentiates it from other hickory species is
___________.
a) Shaggy bark
b) Thick twigs
c) Pinnately compound leaf
d) Thin sulfur (yellow) colored buds
d) Thin sulfur (yellow) colored buds
Remember the acronym MADCap Horse? What does the “M” in this acronym stand for?
a) Maple
b) Magnolia
c) Magenta
d) Myrtlewood
a) Maple
. This species tends to get a condition called Iron Chlorosis due to its love of acidic soils. It is also an
oak species that does not have lobed leaves. Which species is this?
a) Blackjack oak
b) Northern red oak
c) White oak
d) Shingle oak
d) Shingle oak
We talked about two species groups that tend to have diamond shape patterns in the bark when
they get older, one is the elm group, which is the other.
a) Oaks
b) Ash
c) Maples
d) Sycamore
b) Ash
Which of the following is NOT commonly considered an invasive plant species?
a) Sumac
b) White oak
c) Buckthorn
d) Multiflora rose
b) White oak
Windbreaks are usually established as a narrow planting of a few rows of trees, this characteristic
can lower the potential for which of the following?
a) Quality timber production
b) Quality wildlife habitat
c) Shade
d) All of the above
d) All of the above
Say you have a corn field right next to a hardwood forest. Is this induced edge or inherent edge?
a) Induced edge
b) Inherent edge
a) Induced edge
What group of oaks is generally favored for wildlife habitat (food) considerations of deer and turkey?
a) Black oaks
b) Red oaks
c) Swamp oaks
d) White oaks
e) Chestnut oaks
d) White oaks
This species is sometimes called the “sheep of the woods” due to its high susceptibility to the oak
wilt pathogen.
a) White oak
b) Black oak
c) Post oak
d) Shingle oak
b) Black oak
Which of the following is NOT a desired function of riparian forest buffers.
a) Reduce runoff
b) Provide wildlife corridors
c) Create a barrier to keep wildlife away from streams
d) Filter sediment and pesticides from runoff
c) Create a barrier to keep wildlife away from streams
Why do we use botanical (scientific) species names when common names are easier?
a) Common names for a species can vary from region to region
b) Dr. Goerndt just wants to torture you
a) Common names for a species can vary from region to region
Silvopasture agroforestry systems are typically designed to support which of the following
combinations:
a) Trees and row crops
b) Trees and livestock forage
c) Row crops and livestock forage
d) None of the above
b) Trees and livestock forage
