Sodium, Potassium, Chloride

Question 1

What type of compounds are sodium, potassium, and chloride

Answer 1

electrolytes

Question 2

Define electrolytes

Answer 2

electrically charged minerals dissolved in body fluids

Question 3

What are the functions of electrolytes

Answer 3

1. Maintain fluid balance
2. Transmit nerve
   impulses
3. Muscle contraction
4. Transport nutrients

Question 4

Which electrolyte(s) is within the cell

Answer 4

potassium

Question 5

Which electrolyte(s) are primarily outside of the cell

Answer 5

sodium and chloride

Question 6

What do electrolytes attract

Answer 6

water

Question 7

Sodium’s 3 Biological forms

Answer 7

monovalent cation (na+)
base-forming ion
extracellular electrolyte

Question 8

___% of sodium is absorbed

Answer 8

95%

Question 9

Sodium: 3 basic absorption pathways

Answer 9

1. Na/glucose co-transport
2. electroneutral Na and Cl co-transport
3. electrogenic NA absorption (in colon w/water)

Question 10

What is the sodium-potassium exchange for action potential

Answer 10

3 Na+ ions out of cell in exchange for 2 K+ ions

Question 11

How is Na levels controlled

Answer 11

renal regulation

Question 12

What is aldosterone

Answer 12

hormone released from adrenal cortex; triggers Na reabsorption and excretion of K

Question 13

Majority (60%) of total body Na is in ____ fluids?

Answer 13

extracellular

Question 14

The remaining (40%) sodium is associated with

Answer 14

bone reserve or storage

Question 15

Sodium function: EFC volume

Answer 15

exerts osmotic pressure to maintain the extracellular fluid compartment volume

Question 16

Sodium function: acid/base

Answer 16

maintains body acid/base balance

Question 17

Sodium Function: nerve

Answer 17

maintains electrochemical gradient of nerve membranes responsible for electrical impulse transmission (action potential)

Question 18

Sodium Function: glucose absorption

Answer 18

participates in membrane transport of several nutrients

Question 19

What is hyponatremia (deficiency)

Answer 19

result of severe loss of body fluids via D/V/sweating

Question 20

What is hyponatremia not caused by

Answer 20

low dietary intakes

Question 21

Biochemical Indicators of sodium

Answer 21

blood levels of Na (decreased)
hematocrit (high)

Question 22

Blood pressure rises with sodium intake of _____mg/day

Answer 22

2,300 mg/day

Question 23

What defines high blood pressure

Answer 23

> 130/80mmHg

Question 24

3 stages of hypernatremia

Answer 24

1. excess Na (acute)
   –>alkalosis
2. severe acute excess–>
   death
3. excess Na (chronic)–>
   hypertension, kidney
   stones

Question 25

What does CDRR mean

Answer 25

chronic disease risk reduction intake

Question 26

What is NA CDRR

Answer 26

2,300 mg/d

Question 27

Sodium DRI

Answer 27

1,500mg/day

Question 28

Potassium forms

Answer 28

1. monovalent cation (K+) 2. base forming ion 3. intracellular electrolyte

Question 29

Describe K absorption

Answer 29

rapidly and almost completely absorbed from intestine by passive diffusion

Question 30

How is K controlled

Answer 30

renal regulation (aldosterone)

Question 31

Do the kidneys control K or Na better

Answer 31

Na

Question 32

How much of total body K is within the cells

Answer 32

>90%

Question 33

K functions: IFC

Answer 33

osmotic pressure for maintaining intracellular fluid compartment

Question 34

K functions: acid/base

Answer 34

maintains blood acid/base balance

Question 35

K functions: co-factor

Answer 35

enzymatic co-factor for reactions involved in energy release, glycogen synthesis, protein synthesis

Question 36

Functions of extracellular K+

Answer 36

1. normal nerve excitation and/or conduction 2. muscle contractility 3. normal blood pressure

Question 37

What causes hypokalemia (deficiency)

Answer 37

result from impaired absorption + loss of GI fluids, also excess urinary losses following use of diuretics

Question 38

Potassium AI

Answer 38

Males: 3,400mg/day Females: 2,600 mg/day

Question 39

How does potassium toxicity occur

Answer 39

supplement misuse

Question 39

Food sources of Potassium

Answer 39

wide range (grains, dairy, beans, nuts, protein); especially in fruits and vegetables

Question 40

Symptoms of potassium toxicity

Answer 40

low heart rate, abnormal rhythm, impaired nerve conduction, failure of muscular contraction, cardiac arrest

Question 41

What are OTC potassium supplements limited to

Answer 41

100 milligrams

Question 42

What are symptoms of hyperkalemia (toxicity)

Answer 42

impaired nerve impulses, failure of muscluar contraction, cardiac arrest

Question 43

Symptoms of hyperkalemia

Answer 43

fatigue, weakness, tingling, paralysis, palpitations, difficulty breathing

Question 44

Causes of hyperkalemia

Answer 44

kidney issues, too much acid in blood, potassium supplements, trauma (crash injuries/burns), certain medicatiosn

Question 45

Chlorine Biological Forms

Answer 45

1. monovalent anion (Cl-) 2. acid-forming ion 3. extracellular electrolyte

Question 46

Are both dietary and secreted Cl completely absorbed in the stomach?

Answer 46

yes

Question 47

How is Cl excreted

Answer 47

kidneys (accompanies Na/K)

Question 48

Function of extracellular Cl

Answer 48

electrical neutrality osmotic control acid/base balance GI secretions (HCl)

Question 49

Explain Chloride Shift

Answer 49

exchange anion in the RBC for HCO3- with help of transporter on membrane ---> allows RBC transport CO2

Question 50

What is the deficiency conditionof Chloride

Answer 50

hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis

Question 51

Signs of hyperchloremic metabolic alkalosis

Answer 51

alkalosis, hypovolemia, *in infants* delayed growth & death

Question 52

Biochemical indicators of Cl

Answer 52

serum Cl & pH measurements

Question 53

Chloride AI

Answer 53

2300 mg/day

Question 54

Chlorine UL

Answer 54

3600 mg