Sociology Flashcards
What is classical conditioning?
behaviours acquired through associated learning between 2 stimuli
What are the features of classical conditioning?
- habituation leads to loss of reflex
- can have spontaneous recovery
- generalisation and discrimination of stimuli
Where is classical conditioning seen in healthcare?
- anticipation to chemo
- learnt fears
- treating phobias
What is operant conditioning?
behaviour acquired through reinforcement and punishment
What are the features of operant conditioning?
- differs in individuals
- stronger when consequence is immediate
- affected by size
- better response with constant patterns
What is social learning?
behaviours acquired through observing others
What are the components of the COM-B framework?
- capability
- motivation
- opportunity
What is the main limitation of social learning models?
they downplay cognitive and emotional influences
What 3 factors influence perception?
- attention
- information processing
- emotion
What is top down processing?
when perception is influenced by prior knowledge?
- e.g. being more aware of symptoms
What are the 3 stages of skill acquisiton?
- cognitive stage
- associative stage
- autonomous stage
How is long term memory organised?
in schemas
What is declarative knowledge?
‘knowing that’
- acquired from personal experience and semantic memory
What is procedural knowledge?
‘knowing how’
- acquired through motor skills, conditioning etc
What is the Hawthorne effect?
workers increase productivity when they are observed
What methods are used for collecting primary quantitative data?
questionaires
- PROMS
What methods are used for collecting secondary quantitative data?
official statistics, hospital records etc
What methods are used for collecting qualitative data?
mainly interviews
What is quantitative social science useful for?
understanding disease in the population
What is qualitative social science useful for?
understanding peoples beliefs and attitudes
What is demographic transition?
birth and death rates decrease when countries become richer
What are the indicators of social capital?
civic participation social networks and support social participation reciprocity and trust views about the neighbourhood
What factors cause low social capital?
- high residential turnover
- concentrated disadvantage
What are the categories of health behaviour?
- risky
- protective
- illness related
What factors lead to likelihood of behaviour change in the health belief model?
- perceived susceptibility
- perceived severity
- perceived cost/barriers
- perceived benefits
What can be used to target perceived barriers?
- education
- action plans
- problem solving
What factors affect behaviour intention in the theory of planned behaviour?
- attitude towards behaviour
- subjective norm
- perceived behavioural control
What is the symptom iceberg
most symptoms are not reported to a doctor
What is the sick role?
- have obligations to cooperate and get well
- have rights to shed normal responsibilities
What is usually needed for people to take a symptom to the doctor?
a symptom combined with environmental stimulus
What are the social triggers for reporting symptoms?
- interference with work or social activities
- interpersonal crisis
- sanctioned by someone else
- temporlaisation
What is the limitation of decision-making models for illness behaviour?
they assume people are rational decision makers
What is the lay referral system good for?
- alleviates anxiety
- good for self-limiting conditions
Why is there an increase in alternative practitioners?
- strong patient focus
- support for conditions with poor conventional treatment
What is the interpretive model?
people go to the doctor when they fail to make sense of their symptoms
What are the techniques used for behaviour change?
- information provision
- goal setting
- stress managment
- self-monitoring of behaviour
What is the OARS technique for motivational interviewing?
open questions
affirm
reflect
summarise
What is the DARN accronym?
- desire
- ability
- reason
- need
What are SMART goals?
- specific
- measurable
- achievable
- relevant
- timely
What are the 5 domains of the illness schema?
identity cause timeline consequences cure and control
