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LING 201 > Sociolinguistics > Flashcards

Sociolinguistics Flashcards

1
Q

Variationist Sociolinguistics

A

Measures the and explains structured variation as a function of

  • linguistic factors
  • social factors
  • time
  • place
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2
Q

Structured variation

A

There are many linguistic features that can be produced in more than one way (ex. all variables)

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3
Q

Variable

A

Different ways of saying the same thing

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4
Q

Variant

A

The different ways

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5
Q

Linguistic factors

A

Voicing, position, etc.

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6
Q

Categorical rules

A

Assumed to apply every time a particular environment is found

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7
Q

Probabilistic Constraints

A

More or less likely to apply

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8
Q

Intra-speaker variation

A

Some variation within individual speakers

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9
Q

Inter-speaker variation

A

How speech varies according to speakers’ social characteristics

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10
Q

Method: Variationist Sociolinguistics

A
  1. Find the speech community
  2. Collect data
  3. Analyze the data
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11
Q

Apparent time hypothesis

A

You can see change happening by looking at the difference b/n young and old speakers. A person’s grammar doesn’t change much in adulthood.

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12
Q

Dialectology

A

The study of regional differences in language

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13
Q

What is the oldest branch of sociolinguistics?

A

Dialectology

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14
Q

Isoglosseses

A

Boundary lines

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15
Q

Isolation

A

Causes preservation of older ways of speaking

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16
Q

Types of linguistics isolation

A

Physical, linguistic (from other speakers) , social (cultures and attitudes)

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17
Q

Shibboleth

A

Pronunciation of a single word becomes a stereotype

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18
Q

Dense social networks >

A

less apt to linguistic change

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19
Q

What is sociolinguistics?

A

The study of the relationship between society and language.

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20
Q

Speech Community

A

Shared sociolinguistic norms

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21
Q

Markers

A

Social meanings in the speech community commented on

22
Q

Indicators

A

Generally not noticed in the speech community, but systematically correlate w/ social characteristics

23
Q

Dialect

A

different versions of a language

24
Q

T or F: To linguists, there is a firm dialect/language division

A

False

25
Q

Accents

A

Differences in pronunciation among groups of people

26
Q

Types of Linguistic Variables

A

Phonological, Morphological, Syntactic

27
Q

Time

A

Languages are constantly changing. Sociolinguistics focuses on the changes that are currently in progress.

28
Q

Diachronic Change

A

Change over time in the language

29
Q

Synchronic Change

A

Variation in the speech community at a single point in time

30
Q

Basic Sources of Dialect Differences

A

Geographic separation

Social separation

31
Q

Dialect Levelling

A

Dialects in contact mix into a new dialect

32
Q

The standard

A

The prestige dialect associated with the dominant political/social group

33
Q

Dialect vs. Language

A

Two different languages: speakers can no longer understand each other

34
Q

Regional dialects

A

Geographically based dialects

35
Q

accent continuum example

A

Canadian raising

36
Q

social dialects

A

dialects associated with different social groups/classes

37
Q

prescriptivism

A

Telling people how to talks

38
Q

Descriptivism

A

Understanding how people actually do talk and recognizing change as a natural part of any language

39
Q

Register

A

The way an individual speaks

40
Q

Formality Scale

A

High formality: formal

Low formality: informal

41
Q

Solidarity Scale

A

Relationship between participants
high solidarity: intimate
low solidarity: unfamiliar

42
Q

Root of dialect biases

A

social biases against people who speak a given dialect

43
Q

Covert prestige

A

non-standard varieties enjoy covert prestige among their speakers

44
Q

African American English (AAE)

A

regular rule-governed changes that can be phonological, morphological, and syntactic

45
Q

Code-switching

A

bilinguals get together and use two or more languages to communicate

46
Q

matrix language

A

a single language that dominates

47
Q

pidgin

A

a language stripped down to its essentials

48
Q

lexifier language

A

the language that supplies the basic wordstock for a pidgin

49
Q

creole

A

a full-fledged language developed from a pidgin

50
Q

mixed language

A

heavy switching becomes the norm

LING 201 (10 decks)

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