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LING 201 > Morphology > Flashcards

Morphology Flashcards

1
Q

What is morphology?

A

The study of the structure of words.

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2
Q

Morphemes

A

Smallest unit in language that carries meaning or function

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3
Q

Min. # of morphemes per word

A

1

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4
Q

Words

A

Smallest free form found in language

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5
Q

Mental Lexicon

A

Internal dictionary

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6
Q

Form

A

The sound that makes up words

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7
Q

Meanings

A

The concepts words express

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8
Q

Allomorphs

A

Variant pronunciations of a morpheme based on phonological context

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9
Q

Mono-morphemic

A

Words that cannot be broken down into meaningful parts

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10
Q

Multi-morphemic

A

Words that are morphologically complex

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11
Q

Free Morpheme

A

A morpheme that can stand as an independent word

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12
Q

Bound Morpheme

A

A morpheme unable to stand alone ex. -s

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13
Q

Root

A

The morpheme in a word that carries the major component of meaning

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14
Q

Bound root

A

Carries meaning, has lexical category but cannot stand alone ex. -flate

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15
Q

Affix

A

No lexical category; always bound

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16
Q

Prefix

A

Affix attached to the front of its base

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17
Q

Suffix

A

Affix attached to the back of its base

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18
Q

Infix

A

Affix attached within another morpheme

19
Q

Compounds

A

Contain two or more roots

20
Q

Affixation

A

Attachment of an affix to a base (bound morph to a free morph)

21
Q

Head of Compounds

A

The morpheme that determines the lexical category of the entire compound (ex. house determines greenhouse is a noun)

22
Q

Right Headed

A

The head is the right-most member of the compound (most languages)

23
Q

3 ways to represent compounds

A
  1. Tree structures
  2. Bracketing
  3. Feature percolation (category of the entire constituent is the category of the head)
24
Q

Tests for Compound Status

A
  1. Stress Pattern (stress not usually on head of cmpd)
  2. Placement for regular inflection
  3. Must stay together
  4. Semantic Drift (meaning doesn’t have to be a combination of the parts)
25
Q

Base

A

Form to which any affix is attached. Can be one or more morphemes

26
Q

Derivational Affixes

A

Affixes that change the meaning of words and can change lexical category

27
Q

Inflectional Affixes

A

Affixes that only change the meaning slightly and cannot change lexical category

28
Q

Discontinuous Morphs

A

Roots and affixes are discontinuous (ex. Arabic & Hebrew)

29
Q

Building Complex Words (Steps)

A
  1. determine root & its lexical category

2. identify affixes and if multiple, which one comes first

30
Q

Inflection

A

A morpheme that modifies a word’s form in order to indicate the grammatical subclass to which it belongs

31
Q

Case

A

Provides information about the role that a noun plays in a sentence

32
Q

Gender

A

Traditional, generally arbitrary, name for a kind of noun class

33
Q

Noun Classes

A

In many languages, nouns may be marked for noun class

34
Q

Number

A

Common noun class system. Singular vs. plural vs. dual

35
Q

Tense

A

Indicates the point in time relative to the time of speaking that an event took place

36
Q

Aspect

A

Expresses the duration or time of completion of an event

37
Q

Differences b/n inflection and derivation (4)

A
  1. Category change
    - inflectional: do not change grammatical category
    - derivational: often change the grammatical category
  2. Ordering
    - inflectional affixes always follow derivational
  3. Semantic composition
    - inflectional: meaning is the sum of parts
    - derivational: sum of parts or drifted meaning
  4. Productivity
    - Inflectional: more productive
    - derivational: less productive
38
Q

8 English Inflectional Affixes

A
  1. plural -s
  2. possessive -‘s
  3. 3rd person agreement -s
  4. past tense -ed
  5. progressive aspect -ing
  6. perfected aspect -ed
  7. comparative -er
  8. superlative -est
39
Q

Root Internal Changes

A

Changes inside the root can mark grammatical changes

40
Q

Suppletion

A

Change in the entire morpheme (can be a result of historical change)

41
Q

Reduplication

A

Copy some part of the root and add it to the root

42
Q

Conversion

A

A new word is created by assigning an existing word to a new category

43
Q

Clipping

A

Creating a new word by shortening an existing multisyllabic word

LING 201 (10 decks)

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