Phonetics

Question 1

Articulatory process

Answer 1

Airstream mechanisms + phonation + articulation

Question 2

Acoustic process

Answer 2

Vibration of air molecules at different frequencies & amplitudes

Question 3

Perceptual process

Answer 3

Auditory processing & mental categorization

Question 4

Segments

Answer 4

Individual speech sounds (phones)

Question 5

International Phonetic Alphabet

Answer 5

Universal system for transcribing the sounds of speech

Question 6

3 steps of speech production

Answer 6

1. Air supply sets air in motion (ex. lungs)
2. A sound source (ex. larynx) modulates air flow via vocal folds
3. Filters (ex. pharynx, oral cavity, nasal cavity) modify sound called the vocal tract

Question 7

Airstream Mechanisms

Answer 7

Usually expressed as air expelled out from lungs (egressive airflow), but can also be produced by inhaling (ingressive airflow)

Question 8

Larynx

Answer 8

Complex structure of cartilage, muscle, and tissue where vocal folds are located

Question 9

Glottis

Answer 9

Space between vocal folds

Question 10

Voiceless

Answer 10

Vocal folds are pulled apart

Question 11

Voiced

Answer 11

Vocal folds are brought together

Question 12

Murmur/ Breathy Voice

Answer 12

Vocal folds are partially open, letting air pass through, but still vibrating

Question 13

Creaky Voice

Answer 13

Vocal folds are compressed and slack

Question 14

Types of speech sounds

Answer 14

Consonants & Vowels

Question 15

Articulatory differences b/n vowels and consonants

Answer 15

Consonants: constrict vocal tract
Vowels: open vocal tract

Question 16

Aerodynamic differences b/n vowels and consonants

Answer 16

Consonants: no or turbulent airflow
Vowels: open vocal tract

Question 17

Acoustic differences b/n vowels and consonants

Answer 17

Consonants: Less acoustic energy
Vowels: More acoustic energy

Question 18

Stops (def)

Answer 18

Stopping airflow

Question 19

Fricatives (def)

Answer 19

Constricting airflow to create turbulent noise

Question 20

Affricates (def)

Answer 20

Stop and fricative in fast succession

Question 21

Nasal (def)

Answer 21

Oral stop and diverted airflow to another resonator

Question 22

Approximants & laterals (def)

Answer 22

Partial constriction without turbulence

Question 23

Postalveolar (examples)

Answer 23

ʃ (ch), ʒ (j)

Question 24

Alveolars (examples)

Answer 24

t, d, n, r, ɾ, s, z, ɹ, l

Question 25

Labiodentals (examples)

Answer 25

f, v

Question 26

Dentals (examples)

Answer 26

θ (voiceless th: thing) , ð (voiced th: these)

Question 27

Bilabials (examples)

Answer 27

p, b, m, ɸ, β

Question 28

Palatals (examples)

Answer 28

j (eee)

Question 29

Velars (examples)

Answer 29

k, g, ŋ, χ, ɣ

Question 30

Uvulars (examples)

Answer 30

χ, ʁ (None in English)

Question 31

Glottals (examples)

Answer 31

h, ʔ

Question 32

Fricatives (examples)

Answer 32

ɸ, β, f, v, θ, ð, s, z, ʃ, ʒ, h, χ, ɣ, χ, ʁ

Question 33

Stops (examples)

Answer 33

p, b, t, d, k, g, ʔ

Question 34

Nasals (examples)

Answer 34

m, n, ŋ

Question 35

Flaps (examples)

Answer 35

ɾ

Question 36

Approximants (examples)

Answer 36

j, ɹ

Question 37

Lateral approximants (examples)

Answer 37

l

Question 38

Voiced consonants (examples)

Answer 38

B, D, G, J, L, M, N, Ng, R, Sz, Th (as in the word "then"), V, W, Y, and Z

Question 39

Glides (def)

Answer 39

Consonant with similar articulation to vowels, with narrower constrictions.

Question 40

ŋ is a ___

Answer 40

voiced velar nasal

Question 41

b is a ____

Answer 41

voiced bilabial stop

Question 42

f is a ___

Answer 42

voiceless labiodental fricative

Question 43

θ is a ___

Answer 43

voiceless dental fricative

Question 44

ɹ is a ___

Answer 44

voiceless alveolar approximant

Question 45

ʃ is a ___

Answer 45

voiceless post alveolar fricative

Question 46

ʔ is a ___

Answer 46

voiceless glottal stop

Question 47

d is a ____

Answer 47

voiced alveolar stop

Question 48

d is a ____

Answer 48

voiced alveolar stop

Question 49

s is a ____

Answer 49

voiceless alveolar fricative

Question 50

ð is a ____

Answer 50

voiced dental fricative

Question 51

ð is a ____

Answer 51

voiced dental fricative

Question 52

Monophthongs

Answer 52

"Simple vowels": position of articulators is relatively constant

Question 53

Diphthongs

Answer 53

Sequence of a vowel + glide or vice versa; involves a noticeable change in articulation, but is counted as one segment only.

Question 54

Syllable

Answer 54

Speech unit larger than a single sound and smaller than a word

Question 55

Stress

Answer 55

Syllables said to be more prominent than others in an utterance

Question 56

Tone

Answer 56

Languages use pitch difference to signal differences in word meaning.

Question 57

Intonation

Answer 57

Pitch contrast to convey post lexical meanings

Question 58

Falling Tune

Answer 58

Fall from final high accent to a low boundary tone at the end of an intonational phrase

Question 59

Low Rising Tune

Answer 59

Fall from a final high accent to a low boundary tone at the end of an intonational phrase

Question 60

Front Vowels (examples)

Answer 60

i, e, y, æ, œ, ɛ, ɪ

Question 61

Central Vowels (examples)

Answer 61

ə

Question 62

Back Vowels (examples)

Answer 62

u, ʊ, o, ʌ, ɑ, ɔ

Question 63

Close Vowels (examples)

Answer 63

i, y, u, ʊ, ɪ

Question 64

Mid Vowels (examples)

Answer 64

e, o, ə, œ, ɛ, o, ʌ, ɔ

Question 65

Open Vowels (examples)

Answer 65

ɑ, æ

Question 66

æ is a ___

Answer 66

open front unrounded vowel

Question 67

ɛ is a ___

Answer 67

mid front unrounded vowel

Question 68

ʊ is a ___

Answer 68

close back rounded vowel

Question 69

i is a ___

Answer 69

close front unrounded vowel

Question 70

ʌ is a ___

Answer 70

mid back unrounded vowel

Question 71

ɑ is a ___

Answer 71

open back unrounded vowel

Question 72

aj pronunciation

Answer 72

pronounced "eye"

Question 73

oj pronunciation

Answer 73

pronounced "oy"

Question 74

aw pronunciation

Answer 74

pronounced "ow"`

Question 75

ej pronunciation

Answer 75

pronounced "eh"