socioemtional development in late adulthood

Question 1

stereotypes of older adults

Answer 1

belief that they are lonely; lack close friends and family; have a higher rate of mood disorders; and are rigid, unable to cope with age-related declines, one-dimensional, dependent, and cognitively impaired

Question 2

self-concepts

Answer 2

multifaceted, complex and stable
-most maintain a positive view
-categorize

Question 3

subjective age

Answer 3

most feel younger
-avoid self being “old”
-related to well-being
-crystallized intelligence stays good
-

Question 4

life review

Answer 4

reflecting on past experiences and contemplating the meaning of those experiences and their role in shaping one’s life
-integral to develp a sense of ego integrity vs despair

Question 5

ego integrity vs despair

Answer 5

the last stage in Erikson’s (1959) psychosocial theory, in which older adults find a sense of coherence in life experiences and ultimately conclude that that their lives are meaningful and valuable
-relies on cognitive development and social factors
-

Question 6

personality

Answer 6

remains stable
-might mellow out
-

Question 7

sexuality

Answer 7

older people maintain sexual interest and remain sexually capable and active
-declines with age but sexual satisfaction often remains unchanged
-correlate of health

Question 8

friendships

Answer 8

-become more important and fulfilling
-become more centered on activities
-as older report more friends of different ages
-helps health

Question 9

marriage, divorce, cohabitation

Answer 9

-marital satisfaction tends to increase
-report divorce because poor communication, emotional detachment etc
-may have more difficulties adjusting to divorce
-cohabitation is common
-enter as an alternate to marriage
-

Question 10

relationships with children and grand children

Answer 10

-increase opportunities for emotional support
-remains strong even though contact may decrease

Question 11

disengagement theory

Answer 11

-incorrect
- older adults are thought to disengage from society, relinquishing valued social roles and reducing interaction, as they anticipate death
-

Question 12

activity theory

Question 13

continuity theory

Answer 13

successful aging entails not simply remaining active but maintaining a sense of consistency in self across one’s past into the future
- people are motivated to maintain their habits, personalities, and lifestyles, adapting as needed to maintain a sense of continuity, that they are the same person they have always been
-

Question 14

socioemotional selectivity theory

Answer 14

the functions of social interactions change with age
-As perceived time left diminishes, people tend to discard peripheral relationships and focus on important ones, such as those with close family members and friends
-

Question 15

neighborhoods

Answer 15

-influence adaptation through provision of physical and social resources
-suburban tend to be happiest, but walk less
-urban have better access
-rural interact with neighbors more

Question 16

aging in place

Answer 16

most prefer to age in their homes.
-permits control
-

Question 17

deciding to retire

Answer 17

-process begins long before last day of employment
-influences: health, financial, stress, sense of control

Question 18

transition to retirement

Answer 18

-honeymoon phase
-disenchantment
-social and intellectually active

Question 19

clinical death

Answer 19

when heart stops beating
-heartbeat is no longer clear marker of life

Question 20

whole brain death

Answer 20

irreversible loss of functioning in the brain that may occur prior to clinical death

Question 20

persistent vegetative state (PVS)

Answer 20

the person appears awake and maintains heart rate and respiration but is not aware, due to the permanent loss of all activity in the cortex
-not recognized as death
-

Question 21

dying trajectory

Answer 21

the rate of decline that people show prior to death
-4 patterns
-abrupt surprise death: sudden, unexpected
-short-term expected: a steady predictable decline due to a terminal illness such as cancer
-expected lingering: is anticipated but prolonged, such as in the case of frailty and old age
-entry-reentry: slow declines are punctuated by a series of crises and partial recoveries

Question 22

emotional reactions to dying

Answer 22

5 reactions
denial, anger, bargaining, depression and acceptance

Question 23

death with dignity

Answer 23

ending life in a way that is true to one’s preferences, controlling one’s end-of-life care

Question 24

durable power of attorney

Answer 24

a document in which individuals legally authorize a trusted relative or friend (called a health care proxy) to make health care decisions on their behalf if they are unable to do so

Question 25

euthanasia

Answer 25

practice of assisting terminally ill people in dying more quickly

Question 26

passive euthanasia

Answer 26

life-sustaining treatment is withheld

Question 27

active euthanasia

Answer 27

death is deliberately induced, pain medication

Question 28

physician-assisted suicide

Answer 28

a type of voluntary active euthanasia in which terminally ill patients make the conscious decision that they want their life to end before dying becomes a protracted process

Question 29

hospice

Answer 29

end-of-life care that emphasizes dying patients’ needs for pain management; psychological, spiritual, and social support; and death with dignity
-prolonging quality of life

Question 30

palliative care

Answer 30

focusing on controlling pain and related symptoms

Question 31

grief

Answer 31

an array of emotions such as hurt, anger, guilt, and confusion

Question 32

bereavement

Answer 32

state of loss
-triggers grief

Question 33

mourning

Answer 33

culturally patterned ritualistic ways of displaying and expressing bereavement, including special clothing, food, prayers, and gatherings.
-funeral,

Question 34

noncorporeal continuation

Answer 34

the view that some form of life and personal continuity exists after the physical body has died

Question 35

dual-process model of grief

Answer 35

bereavement is accompanied by two types of stressors
-loss-oriented and comprises the emotional aspects of grief that accompany the loss of an attachment figure, such as managing emotions and breaking ties to the deceased
-Restoration-oriented stressors represent secondary losses; these are the life changes that accompany the death, such as moving to a different residence, social isolation, establishing new roles, and managing practical details, such as paperwork

Question 36

widowhood effect

Answer 36

Widowed adults show maladaptive immune and hormone responses and poor health behaviors