Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

psych 241 > exam 4 > Flashcards

exam 4 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
GRE® Psychology flashcards Psychology 101 flashcards
1
Q

at 16 what are you in

A

adolescences (11-18)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

puberty

A

4 year process; physical maturation
become capable of reproduction
Onset:
- It begins in late childhood at about age 8 or 9 in girls and roughly two years later in boys
-both estrogen and testosterone is released for both
-girls have more negative effects from pubertal timing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Adolescent growth spurt

A

first outward sign of puberty (secondary)
-a rapid gain in height and weight that generally begins in girls at about age 10 (as early as age 7 and as late as 14) and in boys at about age 12( as early as age 9 and as late as 16)
-boys lungs and heart work better

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Secondary sex characteristics

A

physical features that are visible outside of the body
-serve as signs of sexual maturity
-not directly related to fertility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

menarche/spermache

A

first menstruation; first ejaculation (balls)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

genetic theories of aging

A

same signs if aging as our parents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Delayed sleep preferences

A

triggered by change in nightly release of hormone melatonin
-onset of sleep takes place 2 hours later for adolescent after puberty

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Limbic System

A

subcortical structure responsible for emotions that undergoes a burst of growth in response to pubertal hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

amygdala

A

plays a role in fear learning, reward, aggression, and sexual behavior, increases in volume in childhood and peaks in growth at around 12 to 14 years of age
-boys have a greater rate of growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

prefrontal cortex

A

continues to develop in emerging adulthood, into the mid-20s
-seat of reasoning, cognitive control, decision making, and planning, suggesting that these sophisticated abilities continue to develop well into emerging adulthood.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

dual system model

A

explains behavior of adolescents
-limbic system has burst before prefrontal
-risky behavior bc of this uneven

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

programmed senescence

A

a pattern of gradual age related declines in physical functioning
-cells have a limited capacity to reproduce
-hyflick limit (50 times)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

wear and tear

A

old aging theories we do not use (cells and tissues have vital parts that “wear out”
-we use the “use it or loss it theory”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

fertility and parenthood

A

average age of first birth has increase for US woman
-secular trend
-infertility: women failure to ovulate and ovarian cysts
men: sperm decrease by age 40
changes in infertitlity
-ability to conceive after 12 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Formal Operations (Piaget)

A

the ability to think abstractly, logically and systematically
-reason about ideas, possibilities that don’t exists in reality
-age 11

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

imaginary audience

A

a manifestation of adolescent egocentrism in which they assume that they are the focus of others attention
-is experienced as self-consciousness
-ontributes to the heightened self-consciousness characteristic of adolescence
-decide to lie and not go to school bc of appearance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Personal Fable

A

a manifestation of adolescent egocentrism in which adolescents belive their thoughts, feelings, and experieces are more special and unique than anyone else and they are invulnerable
-may predispose adolescents to seek risks, leading them to believe that they are immune to the negative consequences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

imaginary audience and personal fable

A

thought to increase in early adolescence, peak in midde, and decline in late, but research has showed that it may persist into late adolescence and beyond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Best outcomes for acedemic achievement

A

-schools match students developmental needs
-strong teach-student relationships
-schools foster a sense of school belonging and positive student conduct
-close parent adolescent relationships and authoritative
-peers with academic values

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

post-formal cognitive development

A

thinking and problem solving are restructured in adulthood to integrate abstarct reasoning with practical considerations
-rules to society
-dualistic: views are either right or wrong
-relativistic: dependent on thinker or situation, acknowledges beliefs are subjective and defensible
-reflective: most mature thinking, evaluates different views
(very few adults demonstrate reflective judgement)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

cognitive-affective complexity

A

using emotions to solve problems
-a form of mature thinking that involves emotional awareness
-emotions play a part in reasoning
-adults better understand others, including their perspectives, feelings, and motivations, influencing their social relationships.
-most adults use this

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

first-generation students

A

they dont have family or anyone to tell them about their experiences
-tend to be less active in campus and extracurricular activities and less academically prepared
-more likely to feel guilty about their educational achievement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Those not attending college

A

the forgotten third
-few resources used to understand/assist them bc samples are always college students

24
Q

realistic personality type

A

enjoys working with objects and real world problems
-likes knowing answers to problems and getting results
-carpenter, plumber and mechanic

25
Q

Sternberg’s triarchic theory of love

A

know the types

26
Q

response inhibition

A

student blurts out answer in class.
-ability to stop and control a response to a stimulus

27
Q

identity foreclosure

A

when they have committed to an identity but have not explored at all
-avoid reflection

28
Q

Timing of Events Model

A

the social clock (Bernice negatron): a timetable based on social norms for age-related life events such as occupational entry, marriage, parenthood, and retirement

29
Q

Erikson: stage 6

A

intimacy
-developing capacity to feel closeness

isolation
-loneliness, self absorption
-fear of losing identity

30
Q

transition to parenthood

A

loss of freedom
high cost
declines in marital satisfaction
more stress

31
Q

Stepparents

A

step mothers are at the highest risk of depression
-a lot of pressure put on them to use authority

32
Q

divorce

A

-best predictor of divorce: difference in way they communicate and solve problems
-divorce increased at a point in time, but now it has stabilized

33
Q

marriage

A

benefits:
-wealth
-physical/healthier
-longer lives
-psychological/better mental health

34
Q

emerging adulthood

A

in-between stage, still supported by parents
-a lot of people say they are not fully an adult yet
-college population is the population that feels the most inbetween
-primary time for exploration
college enrollment has increased and marriage and childbirth is delayed, leading to the creation of emerging adulthood

35
Q

Eriksons stage 5

A

identity vs role confusion
-identity=a sense of self that is coherent and consistent over time
-identity achievement represents a successful
psychosocial moratorium: a time-out period that provides more freedom and autonomy than childhood but is without the full autonomy and responsibilities of adulthood

36
Q

identity diffusion

A

least mature

37
Q

identity foreclosure

A

when they have committed, but haven’t explored at all and tend to avoid reflection

38
Q

influences ON identity achievement

A

lead to identity achievement
-authoritative, encouragement, attachment of peers

39
Q

influence OF identity achievement

A

mature sense of self, pro-social behavior, capacity for romantic attachments

40
Q

parent conflict

A

tends to rise in early adolescence
-recognize parents are fallible and make good and bad decisions
-centers on mundane matters
-turns relationship more symmetrical
-negative arguments will lead to be negative

41
Q

desire for autonomy leads to

A

The parenting challenge during adolescence is to offer increasing opportunities for adolescents to develop and practice autonomy while providing protection from danger and the consequences of poor decisions

42
Q

friendships

A

4-6 friends, unstable
-characterized by intimacy, self-disclosure, trust, and loyalty
-boys gather for activities
-girls one-on-one and shorter in duration
-tend to be super similar and if not similar it can encourage them to consider new perspectives

43
Q

crowds

A

larger and looser groups based on shared characteristics, interests, and reputation
-sorted into crowds by peers
-tied to cognitive development as young adolescents notice patterns of traits and behaviors in their peers, and then group their peers according

44
Q

peer conformity

A

Adolescents experience the greatest pressure to conform to day-to-day activities and personal choices such as appearance (clothing, hairstyle, makeup) and music
-more likely to conform to best friends’ behavior when they share a high-quality and satisfying relationship

45
Q

pregnancy

A

decline in adolescent pregnancy is associated with contraceptive use
-US has highest pregnancy rate
-Girls who experience menarche early, relative to peers, tend to engage in sexual behavior earlier than their same-age peers and experience higher risks of pregnancy
-

46
Q

STI

A

15- to 24-year-olds account for more than half of all STI diagnoses each year
-Untreated STIs can result in sterility and serious, even life-threatening, illnesses such as cance r
-HPV is most common STI
3 ways to avoid:
-abstain, healthy relationship, protection

47
Q

depression

A

characterized by feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and frustration; changes in sleep and eating habits; problems with concentration; loss of interest in activities; and loss of energy and motivation.
-girls report it twice as much as boys
-caused by genetics, context, family
-intense and long lasting can lead to suicicde
-top three causes of death
-

47
Q

dating and mate selection

A

judge attractiveness first
-Over the course of early adulthood, young adults tend to become less selective about potential mates, increasing the potential of establishing romantic relationships
-similarity that breeds relationship satisfaction
-Perceived similarity is the most valued

47
Q

passion

A

the excitement that accompanies physical attraction and physiological arousal young adults

48
Q

intimacy

A

emotional engagement, warm communication, closeness, and caring for the other person’s well-being.

49
Q

Commitment

A

, the decision that partners make to stay with one another, grows as people spend more time together, create shared goals, and solve problems together

50
Q

western ideals

A

include all three

51
Q

intimacy partner violence

A

includes physical, sexual, and emotional abuse directed at a romantic partner.
-1/3 of men and women
-most often reported when a man harms a woman
-women are more likely to miss work, report depression, and be injured or killed by their partners as a result of the violence
-factors: childhood exposure to domestic violence, receiving physical punishment and coercive discipline, and poor-quality relationships with parents,

52
Q

secular trend

A

the lowering of the average age of puberty with each generation from prehistoric to the present times
- increases in the standard of living and average BMI among children in developed countries and is especially influenced by the growing problem of childhood obesity

53
Q

gray matter

A

unmyelinated axons, dendrites, glial cells, and blood vessels and tends to increase and reach its greatest volume in childhood, decreasing in adolescence and stabilizing in early adulthood

psych 241 (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions