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psych 241 > exam 2 > Flashcards

exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

growth norms

A

expectations fro typical gains and variations in the height and weight of children based on their age
-first lose weight due to fluid lose then gain

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2
Q

cephalocaudal development

A

growth that proceeds from the head downward
-head and upper body develop before the lower body

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3
Q

proximodistal development

A

growth and development proceed from the center of the body outward

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4
Q

how long is it recommended to breastfeed

A

6 months and then 1 year with other mixed in

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5
Q

benefits of breastfeeding

A

-mothers have lower rates of diabetes, cardiovascular disease, depression, and some cancers
-contains immunizing agents that protect infants against infections, and breastfed infants tend to experience lower rates of allergies and gastrointestinal symptoms, lower risk of obesity, and fewer visits to physicians

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6
Q

malnutrition

A

causes growth stunting, cognitive defects, impairments in motivation, vuriosity, language and environment
-damages neurons (limited branching and shorter branches)

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7
Q

largest leading causes of infant death

A

birth defects, low birthweight, sudden infant death syndrome, respiratory distress, and unintentional injuries
-lack of education also increases infant mortality
-highest in black infants

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8
Q

SIDS

A

leading cause of infant death for under 1 year old
-some infants are more vulnarble due to genetics, premature
-can be caused by soft bedding, bed sharing, exposure to smoke, sleeping on stomach

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9
Q

neurons

A

-Dendrites are receptors that carry signals from other neurons to the cell body, which carries out the basic functions of the cell. Axons are tube-like structures that carry signals away from the cell body to other neurons

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10
Q

neurogenesis

A

formation of neurons (begins before birth)

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11
Q

synaptic pruning

A

loss of unused neural connections which improves the efficiency of neural communication

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12
Q

myelination

A

speeds the transmission of neural signals and communication among neurons

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13
Q

cerebral cortex

A

85% of brains mass
-prefrontal complex, responsible for higher thinking
-

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14
Q

experience-expectant brain development

A

Brain growth and development that are dependent on basic environmental experiences, such as visual and auditory stimulation, in order to develop normally.

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15
Q

experience-dependent brain development

A

-result of lifelong experiences that vary by individual based on contextual and cultural circumstances

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16
Q

reflexes

A

involuntary and automatic responses to stimuli such as touch, light, and sound.

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17
Q

palmar grasp

A

curl fingers around objects

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18
Q

rooting

A

turn head towrads stimulus when cheek is touched

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19
Q

sucking

A

suck on object placed in mouth

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20
Q

moro

A

startle response to loud noise; arms thrown out

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21
Q

Babinski

A

fans and curls toes in response to stroking the bottom of the foot

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22
Q

stepping

A

makes stepping movements as if walk when help upright

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23
Q

swimming

A

holds breath and moves arms and legs, as if to swim when placed in water

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24
Q

gross motor development

A

the ability to control the large movements of the body, actions that help us move around in our environment.
-reflect a cephacaudal progression of motor control

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25
Q

fine motor development

A

the ability to control small movements of the fingers such as reaching and grasping.

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26
Q

influences on Motor Development

A

-influenced by genetics
-maturation
practice can enhance motor development

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27
Q

dynamic systems theory

A

A framework describing motor skills as resulting from ongoing interactions among physical, cognitive, and socioemotional influences and environmental supports; previously mastered skills are combined to provide more complex and effective ways of exploring and controlling the environment.

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28
Q

sensation

A

The physical response of sensory receptors when a stimulus is detected (e.g., activity of the sensory receptors in the eye in response to light); awareness of stimuli in the senses

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29
Q

perception

A

refers to the sense our brain makes of the stimuli and our awareness of it

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30
Q

preferential looking tasks

A

experiments to determine whether infants prefer to look at one thing or another

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31
Q

visual acuity

A

sharpness of vision

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32
Q

habituation

A
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33
Q

dishabituation

A

the recovery of attention, occurs, it indicates that the infant detects that the second stimulus is different from the first

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34
Q

vision

A

the least developed sense at birth, but it improves rapidly
-perfer to look at patterns and faces

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35
Q

externality effect

A

Refers to a particular pattern of infant visual processing.
-infants will scan the outside of things

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36
Q

depth perception

A

the ability to perceive the distance of objects from each other and from ourselves

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37
Q

visual cliff

A

study that shows how infants percieve depth
-the more crawling experience, the more likely they are to refuse to cross the deep side of the visual cliff

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38
Q

hearing

A

the most well developed sense at birth

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39
Q

smell and taste

A
40
Q

intermodal perception

A
41
Q

gibsons

A

individuals do not build a representation of the world by collecting small pieces of sensory information; rather, the environment itself provides all the information needed

42
Q

affordances

A

the nature, opportunities, and limits of objects

43
Q

piaget’s cognitive developmental theory

A

first to systematically examine children’s thinking
-active in their own development
-cognitive schemas-concepts or ideas

44
Q

assimilation

A

involves integrating a new experience into an exisitng cognitive

45
Q

accommodation

A

schemas are modified or new schemas created in the light of experience

46
Q

accomidation and assimilation

A

help people adapt to their environment

47
Q

cognitive equilibrium

A

a balance netween the processes of assimilation and accommodation
-everything matches the outside world

48
Q

mental representation

A

thinking about an object using mental pictures

49
Q

object permanence

A

the understanding that objects continue to exist outside of sensory awareness
-signifies a capacity for mental representation or holding images and thoughts within the mind

50
Q

representational thought

A

the ability to use symbols such as words and mental pictures to represent objects and actions in memory.
-make believe play

51
Q

core knowledge theory

A

infants are born with several innate knowledge systems, or core domains of thought, that promote early rapid learning and adaptation

52
Q

information processing theory

A

describe cognition as a set of interrelated components that permit people to process information—to notice, take in, manipulate, store, and retrieve

53
Q

attention

A

our ability to direct our awareness

54
Q

working memory

A

the component of the information processing system that holds and processes information that is being manipulated, encoded, or retrieved and is responsible for maintaining and processing information used in cognitive tasks.

55
Q

long term memory

A

the ability to recall information encountered some time in the past.
-recognition memory: the ability to recognize a previously encountered stimulus

56
Q

deferred imitation

A

imitating the behavior of an absent model

57
Q

categorization

A

an adaptive mental process in which objects are grouped into conceptual categories, allowing for organized storage of info in memory

58
Q

culture

A

children’s social learning opportunities are facilitated and constrained by culture

59
Q

transfer deficit

A

they are less able to transfer what they see on the screen to their own behavior than what they learn through active interactions with adults

60
Q

cooing

A

making deliberate vowel sounds

61
Q

babbling

A

repeating strings of consonants and vowels

62
Q

receptive language

A

language a baby can undersatnd

63
Q

productive language

A

language babies can produce

64
Q

holophrases

A

one word expressions

65
Q

fast mapping

A

a process when children learn new words after only a brief encounter, connecting it with their own mental categories

66
Q

vocabulary spurt

A

a period of rapid vocabulary learbing that occurs between 16 and 24 months of age

67
Q

telegraphic speech

A

two word utterances

68
Q

two parts of the brain involved in language

A

broca’s (controls the ability to use language) and wernicke’s (the ability to understand speech)

69
Q

language acquisition device (LAD)

A

chomsky; an innate faciliator of language that allow infants to quickly and efficiently analyze everyday speech to determine its rules

70
Q

infant-directed speech

A

uses repetition, short words and sentences, high and varied pitch, and long pauses

71
Q

recast

A

when adults repeat a childs sentence back to him or her in a new grammatical form

72
Q

trust vs mistrust

A

erikson; infants must develop a sense of trust of the world as a safe place where their basic needs will be met

73
Q

autonomy versus shame and doubt

A

individuals must establish the sense that thry can make choices and guide their actions and bodies

74
Q

basic emotions

A
75
Q

social smile

A

a smile that emerges in response to seeing familiar people

76
Q

self conscious emotions

A

emotions that require cognitive development and an awareness of sellf, such as empathy, embarrassment, shame and guilt

77
Q

emotional regulation

A

the ability to control their emotions
-first manage them by sucking hands or objects vigorously
-next turn bodies away
-smiling also regulates emotions (relaxation)
-responsive caregiving can help
-

78
Q

social referencing

A

-looking to caregivers’ or other adults’ emotional expressions to find clues for how to interpret and respond to ambiguous events
infants become able to discriminate facial expressions that indicate emotion.
-older infants use referential cues like body language, gaze etc

79
Q

sensitive caregving can

A

reduce the negative epigenetic effects of early life stress

80
Q

stranger wariness

A

fear of unfamiliar people

81
Q

temperament

A

he characteristic way in which an individual approaches and reacts to people and situations, is thought to be one of the basic building blocks of emotion and personality

82
Q

easy temperament

A

easy babies often in a positive mood, even tempered, open

83
Q

difficult temperament

A

active, irritable, and irregular in biological rhythms. react vigorously to change, and have trouble adjusting to new routines.

84
Q

slow to warm up temperament

A

slow-to-warm-up babies tend to be inactive, moody, and slow to adapt to new situations and people

85
Q

mary rothbart

A

extraversion/surgency: tendency towrads positive emotions
Negative affectivity: tendency toward negative emotions
Effortful control: the ability to focus attention, shift attention, and inhibit responses in order to manage arousal

86
Q

goodness of fit

A

compatibility between a child’s temperment and their environment

87
Q

attachment

A

lasting emotional tie between two people who each strive to maintain closeness to the other and act to ensure that the relationship continues

88
Q

attachment bonds

A

based on contact comfort rather than feeding

89
Q

bowlby

A

proposed that early family experiences influence emotional disturbances not through feeding practices, conditioning, or psychoanalytic drives, but via inborn tendencies to form close relationships

90
Q

secure base

A

use of a caregiver as a foundation from which to explore adn return to for emotional support

91
Q

separation anxiety

A

occurs when infants respond to the departure of an attachment figure with distress and crying

92
Q

internal working model

A

A set of expectations about one’s worthiness of love and the availability of attachment figures during times of distress.

93
Q

strange situation

A

structured observational procedure that reveals the security of attachment when the infant is placed under stress

94
Q

secure attachment

A

uses parent as a secure base, shows mild distress when parent leaves

95
Q

insecure avoidant attachment

A

shows little interest in the mother and busily explores the room

96
Q

insecure resistant attachment

A

show mixed patterns of responses to the mother

97
Q
A

psych 241 (8 decks)

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