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psych 241 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

multidimensional

A

physical development (body changes and growth)
cognitive development (maturation of thoughts, problem solving)
Socioemotional development (social skills, regulating emotions, relationships)

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2
Q

multidirectional

A

-gains and losses in development
-growth and decline
-development is plasticity
-developmental resilience

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3
Q

plasticity

A

many abilities can improve with training or practice
-injury or illness brain can take on a new function
-mindfulness, reading level, some personality limits

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4
Q

cohort

A

a generation of people born at the same time, influenced by the same historical and cultural conditions.
(Gen-Z, Boomer, 1999, 200)
not all become a historical gen.

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5
Q

continuous

A

an aspect of development that unfolds slowly and gradually over time
-problem solving
-loss of muscle strength

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6
Q

discontinuous

A

abrupt change
-puberty
-leaps in understanding children make
-

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7
Q

nature vs. nurture

A

Nature: heredity, inborn traits inherited from biological parents (temperament, genetics, passive stance)
Nurture: environmental, nonhereditary influences both before and after birth (homeschooling, workplace, society, active stance)

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8
Q

continuity

A

an aspect of development that unfolds slowly and gradually over time (ramp and is mechanism passive)

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9
Q

discontinuity

A

an aspect of development that is characterized by abrupt change (stairs, organismic or active)

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10
Q

active vs. passive

A

active: people influence their own development, rather than reacting to the environment (people ask why, influence world around them, create experiences)
Passive/ Reactive: people respond to the environment predictably and automatically (baby won’t engage in babble)

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11
Q

non-normative life event

A

experiences or events that happen to a person or a few people
-can be typical events at an atypical time (death or parents at young age)
-or atypical events at any time (winning the lottery or terminal illness)

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12
Q

biological age

A

in terms of biological health

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13
Q

psychological age

A

in terms of a person’s adaptive capabilities

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14
Q

social age

A

in terms of society age expectations

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15
Q

Erikson’s theory

A

people progress through eight psychosocial stages and each stage presents a conflict/crisis that must be resolved
-Ex: Childrens success in achieving a sense of trust in others influences their progress in developing a sense of autonomy, the ability to be independent and guide their own behavior
-contributed to the lifespan theory, positive view, includes contextual or cultural view
-bad because was not empirical

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16
Q

Freud’s theory

A

behavior is driven by unconscious impulses. (passive)
-focused on childhood, family relationships, and emotional development
-bad bc not empirical, unconscious can’t be tested, didn’t study children, too focused on sexual motivations

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17
Q

operant conditioning

A

the consequences of behavior influence future behavior-skinner
-reinforcement (increase likelihood of the behavior)
——positive reinforcement is adding a reward
——negative reinforcement is removing something aversive (car beeps until you put on seatbelt)
-punishment (decreases likelihood of the behavior)
——positive punishment is adding something aversive(getting a curfew)
——negative punishment is removing something pleasant

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18
Q

classical conditioning

A

a person or animal learns to associate a certain stimuli with physiological responses
-Neutral stimulus (stroking forehead)
-unconditioned stimulus (giving sugar water)
-unconditioned response (sucking motion)
-Conditioned stimulus (forehead strokes)
-conditioned response (sucking motion)

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19
Q

piaget’s theory

A

views children and adults as active explorers of their world, driven to learn by interacting with the world around them and organizing how they learn, thereby contributing to their own cognitive development
-childrens reasoning is limited by their education

20
Q

Vygotsky’s theory

A

individuals acquire culturally relevant ways of thinking through social interactions with members of their culture (active)

21
Q

Bronfenbrenner’s Bioecological Model

A

-emphasis on the role of context in development, positing that contexts are organized into series of systems in which individuals are embedded and that interact with one another adn the person influence development
-Microsystem-immediate physical and social environment (family, peers, school)
-Mesosystem-relations among microsystems or connections among contexts (home, peer group, school, work)
-Exosystem-settings in which the individual is not a participant but that nevertheless influence him or her (funding for schools)
-Macrosystem- greater sociocultural context (laws, societal norms) indirect influence
-Chronosystem-how people and contexts change over time

22
Q

naturalistic observation study design

A

researcher views and records an individual’s behavior in natural, real world settings
-have to avoid participant reactivity (acting not normal)
-creating operational def. of key behaviors

23
Q

self-report measures (study design)

A

Open-ended interviews: researcher asks a participant questions using a flexible, conversational style and may vary the order of questions or ask diff questions based on a person’s response
-open to interviewer bias

structured and semi structures interviews: each participant is asked the same set of questions the same way
-less flexible, can be more private, open to response sets, wanting to look good

survey/questionaries: researchers use a survey or set of questions to collect data from large samples of people
-less costly, large data sets
-people can lie to look good

24
Q

experimental study design

A

research design that permits inferences about cause and effect by exerting control, systematically manipulating a variable, and studying the effects on measured variables
-allows scientists to test a hypothesis

25
Q

IV: independent variable

A

the factor proposed to change behavior and is manipulated

26
Q

DV: dependent variable

A

the behavior under study in an experiment; is expected to be affected by changes in the independent variable.

27
Q

cross-sectional research design

A

a developmental research design that compares people of different ages at a single point in time (compares cohorts)
(a group of first graders vs. a group of third grades reading level)

28
Q

sequential research design

A

a developmental research design that compares people of different ages at a single point in time to infer age differences
-mix of cross and longitudinal studies
-assesses multiple cohorts

29
Q

informed consent

A

a participant’s informed, rational, and voluntary agreement to participate in a study
-informed what study is going to be about
-highlights risks and benefits
-signature

30
Q

Meiosis

A

the process by which a gamete is formed, containing one half of the cell’s chromosomes
-where crossing over occurs
-results in genetic variation

31
Q

mitosis

A

process of cell duplication in which DNA is replicated and the resulting cell is genetically identical to the original

32
Q

sex determination

A

23rd pair of chromosomes
-xx is female
-xy is male

33
Q

genotype

A

individuals collection of genes
-within the body, inside

34
Q

phenotype

A

persons observable physical traits
-hair color, ear lobes

35
Q

homozygous

A

possessing two identical alleles for a trait
(twins) genes on chromosome are alike

36
Q

heterozygous

A

possessing different alleles for a trait
-genes on each are different and depends on the relationship between the alleles

37
Q

trisomy 21

A

down syndrome

38
Q

reaction range

A

potential variation in a trait based on environment features

39
Q

passive gene x environment correlation

A

passive GxE correlation
-parents create envo that reflects their own genotype and likely those of their children too

Reactive or Evocative GxE correlation
-a child traits influence the envo, which then supports their genotype

Active GxE correlation
-niche picking
-child picks envo that matches their trait

40
Q

teratogens

A

an agent, such as a disease, drug or other envo factor that can cause prenatal abnormalities, defect, and even death

41
Q

second stage of the newborn

A

delivery of the baby

42
Q

vernix caseosa

A

protective layer on the baby’s skin

43
Q

kangaroo care

A

(skin-to-skin contact between an infant and their caregiver

44
Q

assimilation (Piaget)

A

incorporating new experiences into existing schema

45
Q

accommodation (Piaget)

A

modifying existing schema to fit new experiences

46
Q

schemas (piaget)

A

something everyone else does
-concepts, ideas, or ways of interacting with the world

psych 241 (8 decks)

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