society paper 1 Flashcards
6 characteristics of pre industrial Britain
- limited communication and transport
- illiteracy
- violent cruel existences
- limited free time
- class division
- rural
popular recreation define
sport in pre-industrial Britain
5 popular recreation characteristics
- long working hours so occasional
- limited transport so local
- illiteracy so basic rules
- harsh society so violent male dominated
- wagers placed by upper class
5 characteristics of mob football
- violent
- injury/death
- damaged property
- gambling/wagering
- drunken behaviour
5 characteristics of real tennis
- upper/middle class
- educated so complex rules
- lacked violence, high moral code
- regular, free time
- specialist equipment
footracing
- footmen competing by gentry
- gentry wagering how many miles they could cover in a specific time
- success increased social status for gentlemen so upper class happy to work as patrons for them by setting prize money
patron
member of gentry who looked after a lower-class performer e.g. by arranging comps
rational recreation
19th century sports for lower by middle class designed to be well controlled post industrial
wenlock olympian games
- promote moral, physical and intellectual improvements
- prizes for success
- 1850 - athletics, football, cricket
- written rules
- all over country
- olympic hymns
wenlock olympic society campaigned to have PE on the national curriculum and promoted benefits of sport nationally.
negative effects of industrial revolution
H - poor Health I - lack of Income T - lack of Time F - lack of Facilities O - overcrowding (low class to urban areas) R - loss of rights
improvements of industrial revolution
- health/ hygiene improved
- increase in wages
- development of new middle class
- cheaper to travel
- improved transport and communications
- industrial patronage
industrial patronage
factory owners set up factory teams to encourage loyalty in the workplace
urbanisation
- migration from rural for work
characteristics of urbanisation
- lack of space
- large working class population (mass spectator)
- loss of traditional sports
- worked long hours
transport revolution (railways)
- movement of teams/spectators
- improved access to different parts of the country
- cheaper train travel
- improved access to countryside
communication (newspapers)
society were educated
- increased knowledge and awareness of sports e.g. when fixtures were and results
church influence
- encouraged social control to divert from drinking and gambling
- church provided facilities
- YMCA promoted healthy body/ healthy mind
- church organised teams and comps
development of middle class
- codification - defined rules
- competitions
- public provision
- increased leisure time
- move to professionalism
characteristics of rational recreation
- respectability
- referees
- regular
- skills based
- facilities
- codification/ rules
British empire and spread of sport
teachers - developed teams and taught values
factory owners - set up teams, gave workers time off
clergy - developed church teams, became missionaries
british army - used sport in armed services
diplomats - travelled and took sport with them
public provision
and define
- baths improved hygiene
- swimming improved social control
local council provision of facilities for masses to participate
development of NGBs
- sport became more popular
- more teams/clbs forming
- more fixtures organised
- nationally agreed rules
amateur
a person who plays sport for the love of it and receives no financial gain
professional
a person who plays sport for financial gain
amateur in 19th century
- manliness
- appreciating fitness and rule regulated behaviour
- high moral
characteristics of a gentlemen amateur
- respected
- wealth
- free time
- training frowned upon / no desire to improve
- upper/middle class
- high morality
professional 19th century characteristics
- working class
- poor
- little free time / long working hors
- desire to perform and train well
- low morality
positive impacts of 19th century amateurism
- dominated by upper/middle, high status in sport and society
- code of amateurism
- code of ethics
- play sport for the love of it
positive impacts of 19th century professionalism
- poor so paid wage to take time off work
- wage dependent on results so performance improved
- employment in factories based on sport talent
- determined to succeed
modern day professionalism
- all classes can compete
- people now respected for success
- high rewards through media and sponsorships
- have more time to train
- celebrity status
- positive role models
- more spectators
modern day amateurs
- lower status
- some receive finance to play
- viewed positively due to fair play
- codes of amateurism
- codes of conduct e.g. calling ref sir in rugby
rationalisation and development of football
urbanisation = large audiences lack of space led to stadiums being built
more free time = to watch and play
more income = afford transport and entrance
improved transport
increased organisation
emergence of elite female footballers
- equal opportunities
- increase media coverage
- more role models
- more provision PE
- more clubs
- more free
lawn tennis
- middle class lawns with walls and hedges for privacy
- middle class invention played and organised by them
- males and females
- specialist equipment
- standardised rules
- public provision
open era
when professional tennis players were allowed to compete alongside amateurs
society
an organised group of people associated for some specific purpose or with a shared common interest
socialisation
lifelong process where members of society learn its norms, values and ideas in order to take their place in that society
Primary socialisation
Socialisation during the early years of childhood which takes place mainly within immediate family
Internalisation
learning of values or attitudes that are incorporated within yourself
Secondary socialisation
Occurs during later years e.g. teenagers and adults
Gender socialisation
learning to conform to culturally defined gender roles through socialisation
Social control
Concept that refers to the way in which peoples thoughts, feelings, appearance and behaviour are regulated. E.g. control from peers or the media to look feminine and maintain a slim appearance could encourage a women to do aerobics instead of rugby.
Institutions
organisation founded for a religious, educational, professional or social purpose.
- work together for the benefit of society, undertaking a variety of ‘social processes’ to ensure socialisation into society, maintaining order and control
Social change
an alteration in the social order of a society. It occurs when institutions re-adjust to meet new needs. E.g. leisure centre may offer crèche facilities to mothers can partake.
this girl can
cricket for change
Social issues
problems that affect many people in society
Inequality
unfair situation where resources are distributed unevenly within society.
causes of inequality
o Lack of money
o Lack of confidence
o Lack of role models
o Stereotypes
Social stratification
Type of social inequality where society is divided into different levels e.g. class, wealth.
Social class
social inequalities where certain groups have more access to wealth, income and power. Factors that contribute is a persons job, family background.
Social action theory
Way of viewing socialisation, emphasising social action
- accepts that sport is produced and developed at a particular time through the relationships and social networks of people who share similar views
PEOPLE CAN INTERVENE IN SOCIAL PROCESSES AND CHANGE THEM
Progression
Process of gradually developing towards a more advanced state
Interactionist approach
Study of how individuals behave within a society
Equal opportunities
the right to access the same opportunities, regardless of race, age, sex
Prejudice
Unfavourable opinion of an individual based off of inadequate facts
Discrimination
treating people differently
acting on prejudice
based on stereotypes
Stereotyping
making simple generalisations about members of a group. Can be overt or covert
infographics
a graphic visual representation of info intended to present info quickly and clearly
disability
a term used when impairment adversely affects performance
integration
able-bodied and disabled people taking part in same activity at same time e.g. london marathon
segregation
people with disabilities participating separately among themselves e.g. paralympics
race
physical characteristics
Racism
a set of beliefs or ideas based on assumption that some races have superiority and may lead to abuse
ethnic group
people who have racial religious traits in common
Stacking
Disproportionate concentration of ethnic minorities in certain positions in a sports team. Based on stereotype.
Channelling
Ethnic minorities may be pushed into certain sport based on assumptions about them
main concept of social action theory and example
individuals interact within society
society can change individuals involvement in sport
e.g. change sport to match social needs
commercialism
process of attempting to gain money from an activity e.g. sport
characteristics of commercial sport
professional sport sponsorship and busniess entertainment contracts e.g. sales of merchandise athletes as commodities wide media coverage
media
an organised means of communicating by which large numbers of different people can be reached quickly
golden triangle
relationship between sport media and business
sponsorship
when a company pays for their products to be public advertised to increase sales of their good
effects of commercialisation on professional performers
- high incomes by promoting product
- paid for success
- pressure to perform when injured
- specialise in sport requires dedication
- entertainers who become household names
- lack privacy
effects of commercialisation on sport
- rules and scoring changed to speed up and stop bordom
- breaks so sponsors can advertise
- women sports receive less coverage
- increased tech more personal experience
merchandising
brand or image from one product is used to sell another
why companies invest large amounts of money into sports (sponsorship)
- increased sales
- increased brand awarness
- association with excellence at highest level of sport
- association with healthy image of sport
- decrease tax
media involved in sport
- spreading of sport to new nations
interactionist theory is helpful in understanding how to:
- change sports to match the perspectives and identities of those playing them
- make sport less hierarchically organised
mild form of social control
what is deemed to be gender appropriate behaviour
- might not take part in sport to do what is socially acceptable
- look feminine with slim appearance
why might social pressures stop people competition
- feel guilty about leaving a young baby
sports involvement is determined by
relationships between people based on the different amounts of power they have in society
interactionism
stresses the fact that it is people who actually create society
- the ways we communicate and interact are emphasised
2 types of discrimination
overt discrimination
covert discrimination
barriers to participation
lack of time negative social influences lack of motivation lack of skill lack of resources family obligation
barriers for disabled
negative self image low income lack of acces lack of organised programmes low media coerave lack of specialist coaches myths
solutions reduce barriers for disabled
provide more oppurtunitits increased investment in disabled sport providing transport and facilities improved technology increased media coverage educating of myths and stereotypes
examples of racism in sport
stacking
channeling
causes of under-represented groups in sport
conflicts with religious/ culture high value placed on education fear of racism stereotyping language barriers fear of rejection
solutions to racial disadvantage
training more ethnic coaches ensuring single sex provision punishing racial abuse provision in pe appropriate for all culture e.g. kit organising campaigns
solutions to gender inequality
sex discrimination act 1975 encourage shared domestic/childcare responsibilities increased media coverage increased sponsorhips educate to reduce myths more oppurtunities
health benefits of increased participation
decreased risk of heart disease low blood pressure healthy weight decreased risk of type 2 diabetes cancer
fitness benefits of increased participation
posture body shape flexibility agility speed reaction time
social benefits
increased serotonin
better sleep
improved concentration
confidence
county sport partnerships
local agencies working together to increase numbers in sport and physical activity
- invested in by sport england
- work with local authorities, health organisation
what does sport england do
- offers help to local authorities to help develop sport in their area
- putting in place schemes and initiatives to overcome barriers
aims of sport england
help more people have a sporting habit for life
create more oppurtunities for young people to play sport
nurture and develop talent
provide the right facilities in right places
support local authorities
sport englands nationally funded partners
- sporting equals - black and minority
- women in sport - make being alive more attractive
sport england initiatives
’ this girl can’
‘breeze’ get girls into riding bikes for fun
whole sport plan and example
plan submitted to sport england outlining each NGB’s strategies to grow participation and enhance talent
indoor rowing (young people) - aiming to deliver participation at local level through school games to ensure young people have a positive first experience of indoor rowing and educate pupils and teacher about indoor rowing
