Clinical Flashcards
who devised grounded theory?
Glaser and Strauss 1960
aim of grounded theory
research conducted to gather info about something of interest and theory emerges from data
(don’t start with a hypothesis)
Grounded theory - Nathaniel 2007
- gathered info from nurses
- codes and categories drawn out
- things coded in same way until patterns are seen
- more patterns discovered and codes more specific
- researchers memo their work, developing ideas which helps identify links
- one theoretical concept has emerged, researches will conduct more research
pros and cons of grounded theory
- good validity as it measures what the researchers sought to measure
- bias as research is subjective when they look at patterns as they are trying to find hypothesis
- lacks reliability as you can’t guarantee 2 researchers will gather the same info and hypothesis
- time consuming
clinical practical (content analysis)
A: see whether attitudes towards schizos has changed overtime using 2 newspapers 1995 and 2018
H: 2018 article will have significantly more positive refrences and fewer negative to schizophrenia compared to 1995
1995: london news group ‘schizo stern and wild’
2018: the guardian ‘bravely heroic’
method: tallies produced using pre-agreed coding units results compared and differences discussed
results: 1995 = 25 - 2018 = 10-
2+ 23+
practical evaluation
- inter-rater reliability
- subjective
- ecological validity
- task validity
- validity as both articles related to schizo
practical evaluation - methodology
- deep analysis of changing attitudes
- ensured 2 articles had similar content
- tallying + and - refrences too broad
- subjective
valentine et al
interviews
2010
A: see usefulness of psycho-educational material provided from offender patients at psychiatric hospital
P: 42 males given semi-structured interview where they discussed symptoms and illness
R: group interviews helped them improve
7 research methods
primary data secondary data cross sectional longitudinal meta-analysis case studies cross cultural
primary data
- directly by researcher
- up to date info
- high reliability
- time consuming
secondary data
- evidence by other researchers
- quicker
- unaware of validity and reliability
cross sectional data
- ppts diff age same time
- less time consuming
- individual differences
- cohort effect
cohort effect
research result is impacted by the characteristics of the cohorts
longitudinal data
- measured over specific time period at certain intervals
- time consuming
- attrition rates
meta-analysis
- statistical data from multiple studies
- identify common effect
- improves estimates
- only selection of studies (bias)
case studies
- descriptive research fro analysis of group or person
- good/specific/detailes
- not generalisable
- does not conduct empirical research
cross cultural
- study of behaviour and mental processes under different cultural conditions
- establish behaviour patterns
- highlights bio cause of AN
- subjectivity so lacks validity
HCPC guidlines for clinical practitioners
- character = registrants to provide credible character refrences
- health = register about general health and provide info on the issue that may affect ability to practise safely
- standards of proficiency = specific expectation e.g. safe practice, confidentiality, discrimination
- standards of ethics = 10 ethical guidelines e.g. confidentiality and competence
- standards for education and training = at least masters degree with BPS qualification
- standards for prescribing = knowledge to be able to prescribe appropriately and safely
- standards for continuing professional development = e.g. take part in regular training to develop own practice
A02 = paramedic struck off HCPC for sex during 999 call
schizophrenia contemporary study intro and aim
carlsson et al 2000
network implications in schizophrenia - therapeutic implication
- a review, where he summarises all the research on schizophrenia and makes suggestion
- focus to explain cause and thus treatments in terms of neurotransmitter levels
A: review evidence + and - dopamine hypothesis including glutamate, serotonin and GABA. and explore new anti-psychotics for people who are treatment resistance or experience extreme side-effects
hyperdopaminergia
high levels of neurotransmitter dopamine in brain
- linked with + symptoms of schizophrenia
hypodopaminergia
low levels of dopamine in the brain
- linked with - symptoms of schizophrenia
hypoglutamatergia
low levels of glutamate in areas of the brain
GABA
neurotransmitter which inhibits activity of neurones in areas of brain
Agonist
drug that has the same affect as a naturally produced neurotransmitter. By increasing dopamine levels
Antagonist
drug that prevents the effects of a naturally produced neurotransmitter
procedure and 2 main findings of schizophrenia contemporary study
non but studies used PET scans
- relationship between schizophrenia and dopaminergic dysfunction
- rival theory where there is glutamatergic deficiency or hypoglutamatergic
3 results and conclusion for schizophrenia contemporary study
- dopamine hypothesis
- schiz patients show more dopamine activity than control but Larvelle (99)schiz patients in remission only had normal dopamine activity - role of glutamate
- PCP and KET produce psychotic symptoms
- stimulate glutamate receptors called NDMA so G falls and D rises - dopamine and glutamate interaction
- hypoglutamatergia links with both + and - symptoms of schizo making it superior explanation for dopamine hypothesis
- glutamate regulates behaviour of dopamine
C: C suggests there are different ‘subpopulations’ and types of schizophrenia groups, ID are key and we cannot take a ‘one size fits all’ approach
schizophrenia contemporary study evaluation
- great credibility as his studies are strong and representative of his time
- 2000 so results time locked and more NT have been identified
- good application to developing new drug treatments. people ‘treatment resistant’ can now be treated
- PET scans are credible as objective data and good reliability and validity
- many conclusion based off animal models which lacks generalisability
