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psychology > learning and performance > Flashcards

learning and performance Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the 3 stages of learning

A

cognitive
associative
autonomous

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2
Q

cognitive stage

A
  • lack coordination
  • large number of errors
  • trial and error
  • motor programme not developed
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3
Q

associative stage

A
  • more smooth movement
  • practice is used
  • motor programmes start to form
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4
Q

autonomous stage

A
  • motor programmes formed
  • practice to stay expert
  • no errors
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5
Q

define feedback and the types

A 
feedback = information to aid error correction
negative feedback: error correction
intrinsic: from within
positive: encouragement
performance: about technique
extrinsic: outside source
results: about outcome
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6
Q

what feedback for cognitive performer

A
  • positive for encouragement

- extrinsic as they have no knowledge

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7
Q

what feedback for an associative performer

A

extrinsic to refine movements

intrinsic

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8
Q

what feedback for an autonomous performer

A

negative

but intrinsic

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9
Q

plateau

A

period of no improvement in performance

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10
Q

drive reduction

A

an end of task period when performance may get worse

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11
Q

causes of a plateau

A 
motivation 
boredom
coaching
limit to ability
target too low
fatigue
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12
Q

solutions to overcome a plateau

A 
extended
variety
explained
rest
coach
feedback
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13
Q

what are the methods of guidance

A

visual guidance
verbal
manual
mechanical

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14
Q

visual guidance

A

= guidance that can be seen to create a mental image that can be used as a reference in the future
- demonstration
- media
books

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15
Q

pros and cons of visual guidance

A
  • good for beginners
  • clear movement
  • specific cues
  • used to correct weakness
  • demotivating if skill is beyond capacity
  • contains too much info
  • poor replication if inaccurate
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16
Q

verbal guidance

A

= an explanation, technical and detailed advice

- used in conjunction with visual guidance

17
Q

pros and cons of verbal guidance

A
  • good for all stages
  • helps for a mental picture
  • promotes tactics
  • may misunderstand
  • may be difficult to explain
  • boring
  • lose concentration
18
Q

manual guidance

A

= physical support such as holding a gymnast on a vault

19
Q

pros and cons of manual guidance

A
  • all stages
  • reduces fear and danger
  • builds confidence
  • over-reliant
  • do not learn from mistakes
  • difficult in large group situations
20
Q

mechanical guidance

A

= an artificial aid

21
Q

pros and cons of mechanical guidance

A
  • builds confidence
  • disabled athletes
  • eliminate danger
  • early feel for skill
  • bad habit
  • too dependant
  • lessen motivation
22
Q

what are the theories of learning

A 
operant conditioning 
insight learning (gestaltist theories)
constructivism (vygotsky)
observational learning (bandura)
23
Q

observational learning

A

= leanred by copying others

Attention - should be clear, bright, successful, accurate
Retention - should be meaningful and relevant
Motor reproduction - capable of doing task
Motivation - rewards, praise

Bandura

24
Q

cognitive learning/ insight learning

A

Gestalt
= using experience and understanding to solve problems relating to whole skill

  • thinking and understanding
  • problem solving
  • past experience
  • seeking skill as whole

works because motivation and self satisfaction and better than being told

25
Q

constructivism

A

Vygotsky
= leaning by association with others

learner uses zone of proximal development so asses what they need to do which are:
What i can do?
What i can do with help?
what I can’t do

stage 1 = inter psychological leaning (from others)
stage 2 = intra psychological learning (think and construct actions based on what they learnt)

  • skills learned by MKO
26
Q

operation conditioning

A

= use of reinforcement to link between stimulus and response

3 features

  1. based on trial and error learning
  2. coach might manipulate environment
  3. shapes behaviour by using reinforcement
27
Q

learning

A

= change in behaviour as a result of practice

28
Q

zone of proximal development

A

the next stage of learning based on the performers needs, expectations and current level of performance

29
Q

satisfier

A

an action that promotes a pleasant feeling so that responses are repeated

30
Q

annoyer

A

action that creates unease to promote the avoidance of incorrect responses

31
Q

positive reinforcement

A

a pleasant stimulus after the correct response

32
Q

negatie reinforcement

A

taking away an unpleasant stimulus after the correct response

33
Q

punishment

A

an unpleasant stimulus to prevent incorrect actions occurring

psychology (16 decks)

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