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Biological Flashcards

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1
Q

Name 4 main lobes of the brain

A

Parietal
frontal
occipital
temporal

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2
Q

What is the outer layer of the brain

A

Cerebral cortex

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3
Q

Function of parietal lobe

A

process sensory information

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4
Q

Function of frontal lobe

A

Motor function, problem solving

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5
Q

Function of occipital lobe

A

Processing visual stimuli

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6
Q

Function of temporal lobe

A

Information retrieval

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7
Q

What connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres

A

Corpus callosum

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8
Q

What is a dendrite

A

receive messages from other neurons

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9
Q

What is an axon

A

passes electrical impulses down the end of the neuron to allow it to communicate with others

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10
Q

Axon terminal

A

The end of the axon that leads to the terminal buttons

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11
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Chemicals that pass messages between neurons

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12
Q

axon hillcock

A

connects cell body to axon

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13
Q

Neuron

A

Cell within the nervous system

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14
Q

Cell body

A

main part of the cell where the nucleus sits (also contains mitochondria)

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15
Q

Nucleus

A

Houses genetic material

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16
Q

Mitochondria

A

site of aerobic respiration, where energy is released from glucose

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17
Q

Myelin sheath

A

Fatty deposit that provides electrical insulation for an axon and allows electrical nerve impulse to be passed along

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18
Q

Node of ranvier

A

gaps between adjacent myelin sheaths

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19
Q

Terminal buttons

A

nerve impulse becomes a chemical message that can be passed to the dendrite of another neuron

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20
Q

Vesicles

A

tiny sacs that contain molecules of neurotransmitter chemicals

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21
Q

explain action potential

A

Electrical impulse that passes along the axon and stimulates the neuron and releases neutrons.
When neurone receives a message it either stimulates excitatory or inhibitory post synaptic potential.
When neuron has received enough messages it reaches threshhold and AP is triggered

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22
Q

explain synaptic transmission

A
  1. cells impulse generated at axon and once messages reaches axon terminal it changes to chemical impulse to cross synaptic gap
  2. when action potential reaches axon terminal calcium channels is open flooding terminal buttons with calcium ions. vessicles containing neurotransmitters will be released into synaptic gap
  3. receptors on post synaptic neuron bind to specific neurotransmitters and absorbed into post synaptic neurone. Molecules are destroyed or absorbed into pre synaptic n in reuptake process.
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23
Q

Heroine increases the amount of D____________ in R___________ P_________ by boosting ________ __________

A

Dopamine
reward pathways
Dopaminergic
synapses

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24
Q

Explain the effects of heroine

A

increases dopamine in reward pathways by boosting dopaminergic synapses = euphoria Brain naturally adjusts and reduces natural production of dopamine = dysphoria

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25
Q

How does person become dependant on heroine

A

Repeated use in order to avoid negative experience of withdrawal

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26
Q

tolerance to drugs

A

Tolerance is when a person has to take a greater dose to get the same effect as previously. Brain reacts and down regulates its own natural production so in order to get the same high more dopamine is needed.

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27
Q

explain how alcohol effects the brain

A

Acts to inhibit neural transmission by increasing the action of GABA (inhibitory neurotransmitter)

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28
Q

How cocaine effects brain

A

Increases activity in the dopamine pathways by blocking reuptake of dopamine

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29
Q

The midbrain

A
  • coordinates behavioural responses to perceived internal and external stressors e.g. pain
  • contains PAG which links to amygdala and prefrontal cortex
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30
Q

The hypothalamus

A

regulate hormones by maintaining homeostasis and sexual function
- linked to aggressive behaviour in males via testosterone

31
Q

The amygdala

A

Centre for emotions and motivation

32
Q

How does evolution explain aggression?

A

M- bigger and stronger to provide food and protect mates and offspring
F- breastfeed and look after offspring so less physically aggressive and more verbal

33
Q

define 4 aggression types

A 
Person-oriented = goal is to cause harm
Instrumental = goal is to obtain a reward
Reactive = response to aggressive situation
Sanctioned = aggression which is legal
34
Q

Pre-frontal cortex (emotions) is involved with

A

decision making and social behaviour

  • lower activity more likely for depression
  • aggression comes from lack of regulation of behaviour
35
Q

Limbic system (response to emotions) and it..

A

responds automatically to danger

and contains amygdala(recognise facial expressions and avoid upsetting situations)

36
Q

Hormones

A
  • messengers transmit information
  • carried in blood
  • Produced by glands
37
Q

Glands

A

Organs that produce hormones

38
Q

Endocrine system

A

Glands that secrete hormone messages around body

39
Q

Pituitary gland

A

small organ in the brain that produces hormones

40
Q

Psychodynamic - Freud

A

Unconscious drive that causes aggressive behaviour

41
Q

Catharsis

A

Emotional release

42
Q

Displacement

A

Take anger out on something

43
Q

Sublimation

A

Channelling aggression into other behaviour

44
Q

2 parts of ID

A

eros - focused on enjoyment of life

thanatos - drive towards death and destruction

45
Q

ID

A
  • urges and desires made up of feelings
  • not rational or reflective
  • exists entirely in unconscious mind
  • pleasure principle so doesn’t understand logic
  • if the ID is denied of its pleasure = frustration which can lead to aggressive urges
    > resembles function of the limbic system (brains emotion centre) and sources for our appetites, fear and aggression
46
Q

Ego

A

Developed in toddlers
- conscious mind
reality principle because it understands the outside world
- no desires but finds a way to grant desires that comes from ID
> resembles function of pre frontal cortex (brains decision making centre) which handles messages from limbic system and decides how to act on them
- no conscious, no sense of right or wrong
- understands punishment and will try to avoid it but feels no guilt and has no problem using aggression to get what the ID wants

47
Q

Superego

A
  • straddles unconscious and conscious mind
    morality principle and acts as a voice of conscious mind
  • tells ego whether its thoughts are morally accepted or not
  • when super-ego objects to egos thoughts it generates guilt and shame
  • may restrict ego from using aggression
  • young children use physical aggression bu as they get older switch to social aggression as social is less likely to oftend the super ego
  • Super ego makes us feel guilty about being aggressive
48
Q

Raine et al year?

A

1997

49
Q

Raine et al ASPRC

A

A- brain abnormalities in murderers
S- 41ppts 39M 2F NGRI
P - matched pairs, medication free 2 weeks prior to PET scan
- PET SCAN to trace brain functioning
- tracer injected to trace brain metabolism
- continuous performance task (blurred numbers) to make frontal lobe work

Pilot study - 22ppts 22 control

50
Q

Raine et al evaluation points

A
  • > good validity
  • > Not representative explanation of violence
  • > Reliable comparisons
  • > Extraneous variables

issue and debate: socially sensitive research

51
Q

Contemporary study

A

Brendgen 2005
A: examine genetic and environmental effects on social and physical aggression using 6 year old twins

S: 234 twins, longitudinal, Canada, opportunity sample
84% european decent 16 ethnic minoriteis

P: 25.2% twins attended same classroom
Teacher = 2 questionnaire; social and physical
Social: ‘tries to make other child dislike child’
Physical: 3 point scale questionnaire ‘hit’ ‘bites’
Peer review= children given pics of classmates checked if students could identify pics and asked if which child fit description

R: 82% twins 1 nom for social
62% twins 1 nom for physical
- teacher more likely to find boys more physically aggressive girls more socially
- peers more likely to find boys more physically and social

52
Q

3 brain scans

A

CAT scan
PET scan
FMRI scan

53
Q

CAT scan

A

Structure

  • Xrays beams creat cross sectional images of the brain
  • 20-30 mins on scanner table
  • Injection, black dye to highlight blood vessels
54
Q

PET scan

A

Function

  • Scanner detects radioactive material
  • Oxygen and glucose accumulate in metabolically active parts
  • Radioactive material breaks down and gives off positron and neutron
  • When positron hits electron gamma rays released and detected by gamma ray detectors as it moves to the part fo the brain that are working at that moment
55
Q

FMRI scan

A

function

  • Detects change in blood oxygenation
  • Increased activity = increased o2 levels
  • Shows which part of the brain is involved in particular process’
  • head may be placed in brace to steady
56
Q

Biological key question?

A

What are the implications for society is aggression is found to be caused by nature and not nurture?

  • Hormones
  • Evolutionary
  • Brain structure (raine et al)
57
Q

Biological practical aim

A
  • Investigate the correlation between hormones and aggression
58
Q

Practical hypothesis

A
  1. positive correlation between 2D;4D finger ratio and aggression scores on buss perry questionnaire in YR12 males in psychology
  2. negative correlation between 2D;4D finger ratio and aggression scores on buss perry questionnaire in YR12 females in psychology
  3. No correlation
59
Q

Practical procedure and results

A

Sample: 8 males 16-17 10 females yr 12 psychology opportunity sample
Procedure: measured index and ring finger on right hand then answered Buss Perry questionnaire on aggression. Divided index digit by ring digit to find average. Then misused ranked scores from finger ratio

Results: Spearman
M: = 0.65 > critical value when N=8 and P<0.05 so accept hypothesis
F= 0.51 < critical value when N=10 and P<0.05 so reject

60
Q

twin studies

A

Brendgen 2005

61
Q

Adoption studies

A

leve et al 2010
A: see interaction between adopted childs genes and adoptive environment whilst seeing what interventions might be put to help child and families

S: 360 sets of triads

  • children began school
  • child adopted before 3 months
  • no medical conditions
  • families given chance to opt out

M: longitudinal study \9infancy/toddler

  • face-face interviews, questionnaires, observations
  • saliva samples 3-6months - 7yrs

R: children kept attention when adoptive mother had anxiety/depression

C: genetic issues in an adoptive child interacted with environmental issues. Used to inform interventions to help children and adoptive families

62
Q

Advantages of adoption studies

A
  • Removes extraneous variable; environment

- Useful in showing twin studies overestimate genetic factor

63
Q

Disadvantage of adoption studies

A
  • Children adopted in to families similar to biological ones

- Adopted parents ‘unusual’ so not representative

64
Q

Advantage of twin studies

A
  • Look at influence of genes of MZ compared ti DZ

- Twin registries so large amounts of data

65
Q

Disadvantages of twin studies

A
  • Twins share same environment so nature VS. nurture

- Cannot tell which specific gene

66
Q

strength of freud

A
  • can be applied to treat those with aggressive behaviours through psychoanalysis where the client explores unconscious causes of aggression in a safe context with support from a therapist
67
Q

weakness of freud

A
  • viewed as scientific as concepts of ID, ego and superego cannot be accurately measured
68
Q

cons to cat scans

A
  • high radiation

- no info on activity

69
Q

cons to PET scans

A
  • interpretation difficulties
  • can’t pinpoint locations
  • may damage tissues
70
Q

cons to FMRI scans

A
  • expensive
  • person has to stay very still
  • time lag may cause interpretation difficulties
71
Q

strength of Freud

A

can be applied to treat those with aggressive behaviour through psychoanalysis where client explores unconscious causes of aggression in a safe context with support from a therapist

72
Q

weakness of Freud

A

viewed as unscientific as concepts of ID, ego and superego cannot be accurately measured

73
Q

how recreational drugs change the way neurotransmitters operate within the brain

A
  • Recreational drugs work by increasing or decreasing neurotransmitters at the synaptic gap.
  • If a drug increases the level of dopamine, the user experiences an intense feeling of pleasure or euphoria
74
Q

unconditioned response

A

A response that is naturally occuring without any prior

learning

psychology (16 decks)

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