skill aquisition Flashcards
information processing
method where data from environment are collected
display and example
sporting environment e.g. crowd
receptor systems
senses that pick up info from the display
5 different senses
sight auditory touch balance kinesthesis
kinesthesis
inner sense that provides info from within the body
proprioceptors
senses that provide internal info from within the body
selective attention
filtering relevant information from irrelevant information
how to develop selective attention
- stimulus made more intense and bright
- improved motivation
benefits of selective attention
- improved reaction time
- correct decision
DCR
detection - picked up relevant info
comparison - match info identified to info already in memory
recognition - use info from memory to identify appropriate response
perceptual mechanism
detects the hose of info picked up by the receptors and ensures it is filtered into relevant and irrelevant information
translatory mechanism
adapting and comparing coded info to memory so decisions can be made
how does translators mechanism work? and example
it uses coded info from perceptual process to pick out an appropriate motor programme
e.g. info on flight of ball compared with image of backhand
effector mechanism
network of nerves that sends coded impulse to muscles so muscles can perform the action
whitings information processing model
input -> receptor systems -> perceptual mechanism -> translators mechanism -> effector mechanism -> muscular system -> output -> feedback data
who developed schema theory?
schmidt 1982
what is schema theory?
when developing a skill core principles can be taken from an existing motor programme and adapted using info from the display and feedback from sense
example of schema theory
javelin and football keeper both use motor programmes made up of sub-routines such as grip, arm action and follow through
define recall schema
initiates movement, comes before the action
2 parts of recall schema
- initial conditions = info from environment (where am i?)
2. response specifications = info from environment is assessed (what do I need to do?)
define recognition schema
controls movement, happens during action
2 parts of recognition schema
- sensory consequences = info about the feel of movement, use senses to help guide the movement
- response outcome = feedback about the result, schema + motor programme updated by knowledge of results
3 things a coach can do when coaching schema?
- varied practice
- frequent feedback to ensure actions and motor programmes can be adjusted
- reinforcement = increased motivation
- initial conditions and example
info from environment (where am i?) e.g. position on court must be recognised before schema can be used
- response specification and example
info from environment is assessed (what do I need to do?) e.g. how close is opposition how long do i need to pass the ball
- sensory consequences and example
info about the feel of movement, use senses to help guide the movement e.g. when a longer pass is needed arm action would be stronger
- response outcome and example
feedback about the result, schema + motor programme updated by knowledge of results e.g. did the pass reach the target if pass was successful schema was successful
response time define
time taken from the onset of a stimulus to the completion of a task
response time formula
reaction time + movement time
reaction time
time taken from onset of a stimulus to onset of a response
movement time
time taken from start to completion of a task
simple reaction time and example
1 specific response to 1 stimulus e.g. start of a race
choice reaction time and example
choosing from numerous stimulus and then once correct stimulus is chosen choosing from numerous responses e.g. football
what are the 4 factors influencing response time?
- hicks law
- single channel hypothesis
- psychology refractory period
- anticipation
what is hicks law?
reaction time increases as number of choices increases
advantage of hicks law
you can keep opponents guessing e.g. change tennis serve as this increases response preparation time and delays actions of opponents
why might hicks law not be correct
players get familiar with environment
what is single channel hypothesis?
stimuli can only be processes 1 at a time
- the delay in processing a second stimuli increases response time
what is PRP
psychological refractory period
= a delay when a 2nd stimulus is presented before the 1st has been processed
what might happen to a performer when a 2nd stimulus i presented before the first has been processed
performer might freeze to sort out conflicting info
PRP example
tennis opponent hits ball to forehand it hits net and goes to backhand
advantage of PRP
deceive an opponent to force delay in their response e.g. dummy
Anticipation
= prejudging a stimulus from cues e.g. body language
2 types of anticipation
temporal = when it is going to happen spatial = what and where it is going to happen
5 thing to improve response time
- mental practice
- increased focus and concentration (making stimulus more intense)
- anticipation
- fitness ( interval training and plyometrics)
- train to specific stimuluses
central executive
control centre for WMM and uses 3 other systems to control all info
phonological loop
deals with auditory info from senses and helps produce the memory trace
visuospatial sketchpad
used to temporarily store visual and spatial information
two parts of phonological loop
phonological store and articulatory system e.g. coaches instructions
2 parts of visuospatial sketchpad
visual cache = form and colour
Inner scribe = spatial and movement info
Episodic buffer
coordinates PL and VS into sequences which produce patterns of skilled actions and sent to LTM
LTM
receives info from working memory and has an unlimited capacity for storage of motor programmes
process of long term memory
- WM picks relevant info filters irrelevant and goes to LTM
- WM produces a memory trace of skill and works with LTM by sending memory trace to it so it can be compared to info already contained in LTM
do WM and LTM work together ?
yes in a 2-way process to help sports performer compare info and make decisions
3 features of working memory
- initiates action by sending memory trace
- limited capacity 7 items (anything more lost)
- limited time scale 30secs
2 features of long term memory
- important info stored in form of motor programme which is a more permanent trace of skill
- has larger capacity and it can store info for a lifetime if needed
7 strategies to ensure information is stored in the LTM
Chunking Rewards Reinforcement Chaining Focus and concentration Mental practice Association
chunking
= breaking the skilled action into parts or sub-routines
chaining
items of info recalled in a sequence
