Societies at Crossroads Flashcards
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Ottoman exports:
Grain, cotton, hemp, indigo, and opium
How did Mahmud remodel Ottoman institutions?
Western Europeans had huge influence in the military and education.
Time period of the Tanzimat era
1839-1876
What was the Tanzimat era?
A “reorganization” era when many legal reforms took place. For the Ottomans
List the legal reforms that took place during the Tanzimat era and their dates:
Commercial code (1850)
Penal code (1858)
a maritime code (1863)
a new civil code (1870-1876)
Title of Sultan Abdul Hamid II and who sent him to exile
The Great Assassin
The Young Turks
The Young Turks had a successful coup which forced which sultan to establish a constitutional government. When was this?
Sultan Abdul Hamid. 1908.
Who opposed the Tanzimat?
The Young Ottomans
Who replaced Sultan Abdul Hamid after he was dethroned?
Sultan Mehmed V Rashid (1909-1918)
Young Turk era:
1908-1918
How did the Young Turks try to maintain Turkish hegemony in the Ottoman empire?
They worked to make Turkish the official language of the empire.
How did the Ottoman survive even though it kept losing so many wars?
Because European diplomats could not agree on how to dispose of the empire without upsetting the European balance of power.
Name the places in the three directions the Russian empire expanded to:
East into Manchuria
South into the Caucasus and central Asia
Southwest toward the Mediterranean
In which place did the Russians try to establish a protectorate and what was the reaction?
In the Ottoman empire, specifically the Balkan provinces, which led to the Crimean War.
What was the key to social reform in Russia?
Emancipation of the serfs.
What did Tsar Alexander II do that is relevant to this chapter?
He suggested to abolish serfdom to avoid future rebellions.
Who issued the Emancipation Manifesto?
Tsar Alexander II
What did the Emancipation Manifesto state?
It abolished the institution of serfdom and granted liberty to many serfs.
What year and what Nation’s warships went into Tokyo Bay and demanding permission to establish trade and diplomatic relations with Japan?
1853 and U.S. Warships
The Representatives of European lands and the U.S. brought what to the Shogun?
It brought intimidation of the heavily armed powers led to the bakufu into singing unequal treaties providing political and economic privileges similar to those obtained earlier from the Qing dynasty.
The Opposition forces in Japan used what to overthrow the discredited shogun and Tokugawa bakufu
The intrusion of foreigners
What year did the emperor’s power was restored and what did the Japanese new rulers worked on
1868, Japan’s new rulers worked for the transformation of Japanese society to achieve political and economic equality with foreign powers.
The changes in Japan happened in what period and give examples of the changes.
Meiji period, turned Japan into the political, military, and economic powerhouse of east Asia.
By the early 19th century, Japanese society was in
Turmoil
What brought economic hardship to Japan in the early 19th Century
Declining agricultural productivity, periodic crop failures, and famines, and harsh taxation brought economic hardship and starvation among rural population
Did a few cultivators during this period prosper in Japanese early 19th Century?
Yes but many had to sell their land and become tenant farmers? In the early 19th Century
Explain In Japanese early 19th Century in regards to Economic conditions.
Many peasants migrated in search of a better life, were hardly better than those in the countryside
In Japanese early 19th Century how did the urban poor experience destitution and hunger.
Price and other commodities rose
In Japanese early 19th Century, how were the Samurai and Daimyo face hardship in debt.
Due to a growing merchant class
In Japanese early 19th Century with all these conditions what did this lead to?
Rebellions
To respond with the peasant rebellions in Early 19th Century Japan, what did the Tokugawa bakufu respond with?
With conservative reforms
Who was the Shogun’s Chief advisor and what reforms did he do in response to the rebellions. Did it lead to a positive or negative result.
Between 1841-1843, Mizuno Tadakuni, initiated measures to stem growing social and economic decline.
- Canceled debts that samurai and daimyo owed to merchants, abolishing several merchant guilds
- Compelled peasants in cities and returned land and cultivate rice
- Most of his reforms were ineffective and led to his resignation.
What other problem did Tokugawa bakufu faced with foreigners
It was the establishment of diplomatic and commercial relations by foreign lands.
What year did the British, French, and U.S. ships visited Japan for the first time in established relations
1844
In the beginning what did the U.S. want to do with Japan?
Sought ports where its Pacific merchants and whaling fleets could stop for fuel and provisions
What were Tokugawa’s bakufu actions and policy used in response to international establishment?
Refused all requests and stuck to the policty of excluding all European and American visitors to Japan.
In Tokugawa’s bakufu policy of excluding foreigners, which people were able to strictly trade. And which city did they trade?
Small number of Dutch merchants in careful controlled trade in Nagasaki.
In the later 1840s the bakufu began to make …
Military preparations to resist potential attacks.
What changed the isolation of Tokugawa bakufu
The arrival of the U.S. warships in 1853.
Who was the commander of the fleet arriving to Japan and what were his actions in Japan.
Commodore Matthew C. Perry, trained his guns on the bakufu capital of Edo (Modern Tokyo) and demanded that the shogun open Japan to diplomatic and commercial relations and sign a treaty of friendship
Did the Shogun accept Perry’s treaty and what were his feelings?
The shogun had no good alternative and so quickly accepted the treaty with reluctance.
With Perry’s treaty what did Europeans get?
They got similar rights.
Were the treaties that Japan got unequal?
Yes, like the Qing diplomats a few years earlier, Tokugawa officials agreed to a series of unequal treaties that opened Japan to foreign commerce, depriving the government of control over tariffs, and granted foreigners extraterritorial rights.
Did the sudden intrusion of foreign powers give a domestic crisis in Japan that resulted of the collapse of Tokugawa bakufu and the restoration of Imperial rule?
Yes
With the shogun’s acceptance of the treaty what were the views of the Emperor and the opposing daimyo
They were not happy and questioned the shogun’s right to rule Japan as “subduer of barbarians”
What areas became centers of discontented samurai when opposition to Tokugawa authority spread.
Choshu and Sastuma
What year did the Imperial court in Kyoto became an acctive role in politics.
1858
Before 1858 was the imperial court of Kyoto an active role in politics
No
What was the motto for the expulsion of foreigners in the Imperial Court of Kyoto?
“Rever the emperor, expel the barbarians.”
How did the Tokugawa officials deal with these uprisings?
Forcibly retiring dissident daimyo and executing or imprisoning samurai critics
What was the outcome of the Civil War Japan had with the bakufu and the opposition?
The bakufu armies suffered repeatedly by dissident militia units trained by foreign experts and armed with imported guns.
With the Tokugawa causing doom what happened after the Civil War?
The Shogun resigned his office.
What specific date led to the Emperor taking full power and forming the Meiji Era. Who was the emperor?
3rd of January 1868, Emperor Mutsuhito or Emperor Meiji.
What does Meiji mean?
Enlightened Rule
Was the Meiji era an eventful period in Japan’s history?
Yes
The Meiji restoration returned authority to the emperor and brought an end to the …
series of military governments that had dominated Japan since 1185
The Meiji Resorattion marked ..
the birth of a new Japan determined to gain parity with foreign powers.
What was the first formed government of the Meiji Restoration and its motto?
The Meiji had a government from former daimyo, imperial princes, court nobles, and samurai. Their motto “Richt Country, Strong Army”
The Meiji government did what for knowledge and expertise.
To strengthen the government, Japan viewed the industrial lands of Europe and the United States and to win revisions of the unequal treaties.
What other actions did the Meiji government do for knowledge.
Sent many students and officials abroad to study everything from technology to constitutions, and it also hired foreign experts to facilitate economic development and the creation of indigenous expertise.
Who were the prominent Meiji-Era travelers
Fukuzawa Yukichi (1843-1901) and Ito Hirobumi (1841-1909)
Fukuzawa Yukichi began to study english as soon after
Perry’s arrival in Japan
In 1860 Fukuzawa Yukichi was a member of the …
First Japanese mission to the United States.
Where else did Fukuzawa Yukichi travel to
Europe, and he reported his observations of foreign lands in a series of popular publications
What did Fukuzawa launch for Japan
Launched the constitutional government and modern educational system that he found in the United States and Western Europe and he argued strongly for equality before the law in Japan
How many times did Ito travel?
4 times
Explain Ito’s most important journey
Came in 1882 and 1883, when he traveled to Europe to study foreign constitutions and administrative systems, as Meiji leaders prepared to fashion a new government
Ito was impressed with what country?
The recently united Germany, and he drew inspiration from the German constitution in drafting a governing document for Japan.
What was the first goal of the Meiji leaders
Centralize political power, it happened by destroying the old social order, persuading daimyo to yield their lands to the throne in exchange for patents of nobility. Reformers placed the old domains with prefectures and metropolitan districts controlled by the central government.
Due to the Governments destruction of the social order…
Most Daimyo found themselves removed from power and the government, and the government abolished the samurai class and the stipends that supported it.
Meiji leaders made a conscript army which helped … What were the samurai’s feelings regarding to this?
deprive the samurai of the military monopoly held for centuries. Samurai felt betrayed and gained government bonds, soon being worthless, needing Samurai to gain jobs.
By 1876 the national government no longer feared military challenges to its rule. How was this possible?
The Samurai rose in rebellion, but the recently created national army crushed all opposition.
Japanese new leaders next put the regime on secure financial footing by
revamping the tax system
What was the traditional tax pay in Japan how was is exchanged for fixed-money
Paying in grain, the government in 1873 converted the grain into a fixed-money tax, which provided the government with predictable revenues and left peasants deal with market fluctuations in grain prices.
The Japanese Meiji Government in regards to revamping the tax system also began
to assess taxes on the potential productivity of arable land, no matter how much a cultivator actually produced. This measure guaranteed that only those who maximized production could afford to hold on their land
In the Meiji Era, The reconstruction of Japanese society continued in what years and mounting what
1880s under mounting domestic pressure for a constitution and representative government
In the eyes of the Japanese rulers, constitution gave
foreign powers their strength and unity.
In 1889 the emperor of Japan
promulgated the Meiji constitution as a “a voluntary gift” to his people.
Who guided the making of the Meiji Constition
Ito Hirobumi help guide the draft.
What did the Meiji Constitution bring. What is the diet?
It brought a constitutional monarchy with a legislature (The Diet): composed of a house of nobles and an elected lower house.
What did the constitution bring to the Diet
It brought limited authority to the Diet and they observed considerable power to the executive branch of the government
What power did the Emperor and the Cabinet have with the Meiji Constitution
_The “sacred and inviolable” emperor commanded the army’s forces, named the Prime Minister, and
-The cabinet were responsible to the emperor rather than the lower house as in European parliamentary systems.
- The Emperor had the right to dissolve the parliament and whenever the Diet was not in session he had the prerogative of issuing ordinances
- Power to the emperor and the parliament advises
What else did the Meiji constitution bring (to the people)
Individual rights, but it provided that laws could limit those rights in the interests of the state, and it established property restriction on the franchise, ensuring that delegates elected to the lower house represented the most prosperous social classes.
Give info about the 1890 elections in Japan
less than 5% of the adult male population was eligible to cast ballots.
Economic initiatives matched the efforts at political reconstruction in Japan true or false?
True
The Meiji government created what for the economy other than a revamping tax system?
Since the economy was the foundation of national strength, the government created modern transportation, communication, and educated infrastructure.
The establishment of what tied local and regional markets into a national economic network.
Telegraph, railroad, and steamship lines
The government Removed barriers to commerce and trade. How? in Meiji Japan.
Abolished guild restrictions and internal tariffs.
The government aimed to improve literacy rates from what percent to the genders and how
40% male and 15% female in the 19th century, the government introduced a system of universal primary and secondary education. Universities provided advanced instruction for the best students, especially in scientific and technical fields.
Private owners in Japan controlled ______ and the Government controlled ______
most economic enterprises and the government controlled the military industries and established pilot programs to stimulate industrial development
Did economic development come at a price
Yes
True or False by the early 20th century Japan joined the ranks of the major industrial powers.
True
Did the Meiji government try to combat the suffering of the people in the rural population
No
What happened to the hungry Japanese people during the Meiji era
Were starving, those who escaped rural society took in the work of burgeoning industries that led to no welfare of workers. Meiji government banned rebellions and working unions.
What was a huge goal for the Meiji government
Achieving political and economic equality with Western Europe and the US in order to end the treaty provisions.
Japan’s remarkable development was seen in
The ending of extraterritoriality in 1899, the conclusion of an alliance with Britain as an equal power in 1902 and convinced displays of military prowess in the Sino-Japanese War and the Russo-Japanese War.
With rapid industrialization the Meiji era
Resolved the diplomatic handicaps and gained trust from European and US diplomats, they were planning a campaign of imperial expansion
1879 Japan established hegemony over in
Okinawa and the Ryukyu Islands to the South
During the 1870s Japanese leaders consolidated hold on what islands
Hokkaido and the Kuril Islands to the north encouraging Japanese migration to the islands to forestall Russian expansion there.
By 1876, Japan purchased what and did what with it
Bought warships from Britain and the navy gave opportunity to expand themselves to Korea.
After a confrontation with the Korean Navy, Japan did what
Dispatched a gunboat expedition and forced Korean leaders to submit to the same kind of unequal treaty in 1875 that the United States and the Europeans imposed on Japan.
Meiji political and military leaders made plans to invasions due to U.S. and European imperialism being
divided.
Status of Korea was erupted in what year and what was going on.
1894, taking advantage of the unequal treaty of 1875, Japanese businesses had substantial interests in Korea
When an anti-foreign rebellion broke out in Korea in 1893, Meiji leaders feared what
That the land might fall into anarchy and become and inviting target of European and U.S. Imperialism
Qing rulers set an army to restore order and reassert Chinese authority in Korea, what did the Meiji leaders do?
They were unwilling to recognized Chinese control and in August 1894, war was declared.
War details of the Sino-Japanese War
Japanese navy essential in the war taking control of Asian waters and destroying Chinse fleets, then Japanese army pushed Qing forces out of the Korean peninsula and within a few months the conflict was over.
Aftermath of Sino-Japanese War
Europe was startled and Russia especially creating tensions with Japan
Russo-Japanese war Info
Started 1904, Japanese navy destroyed Russia Baltic fleet.
Japanese army destroyed Russian forces before reinforcements came.
1905 war was over and Japan won
Aftermath of Russo-Japanese War
Japan gained International recognition of its colonial Authority over Korea and the Liadong peninsula. Furthermore, Russia ceded the southern half other Sakhalin island to Japan, along with a railroad and economic interests in southern Manchuria.
The Russo-Japanese War transformed Japan into a major
Imperial Power
Stoypin reforms named after who?
Prime Minister Pyotr Arkadyevich Stolypin.
Who signed the treaty of paris when?
Tsar Alexander II in 1856
What did Sergei Witte’s industrial growth create?
An urban working class
Who are the intelligentsia?
A class of intellectuals and university students who sought substantial political and social reform.
Were the intelligentsia violent or peaceful?
Yes. Some of these revolutionaries were anarchists who relied on assassination and terror tactics to achieve their goals.
Who did the anarchists want to give power to?
Local governing councils elected by universal suffrage.
Where were the arrested anarchists and revolutionaries sent to after trying to gather more people for rebellion?
Remote provinces of Siberia and prison (duh).
How was repression used in Russia in this time period?
It was used to censor publications and sent secret police to infiltrate and break up dissident organizations.
Did repression help with stopping revolutionary action?
No, it encouraged them to engage in such activities.
Which places opposed the tsarist autocracy?
The Baltic provinces, Poland, Ukraine, Georgia, and central Asia.
What were pogroms?
Anti-Jewish riots.
What did the Land and Freedom Party promote?
Promoted the assassination of important officials to pressure the government into political reform.
What was the People’s Will group? Who did they assassinate?
A terrorist faction of the Land and People’s Will. Tsar Alexander II.
How did the Russo-Japanese war begin?
A Japanese surprise attack on the Russian naval squadron at Port Arthus in February 1904.
.
Describe the historical event Bloody Sunday.
A group of peaceful workers marched on the Tsar’s winter palace in St Petersburg to petition for a popularly elected assembly. 130 were killed.
What did Bloody Sunday lead to?
Lots of peasant insurrections and mutinies in both the army and the navy.
Did the creation of the Duma solve the unrest?
No.
Did the Duma have the power to create or bring down governemnts?
No.
Significance of Edo:
Modern Tokyo, where the U.S Navy targeted to open diplomatic relations with the closed off Japan.
Dates of the Crimean War:
1853-1856W
Who won the Crimean War?
Anyone BUT Russia.
Two of Russia’s opponent in the Crimean war:
Britain and France
Two major reasons people supported abolition of serfdom:
Because it was a source of rural instability and peasant revolt
Define mir:
a society where majority of peasants held their land in communal ownership
After the Emancipation Manifesto and Stolypin reforms and at the start of WWI, how does the book describe the position of many peasants?
Indebted.
How were zemstvos a part of broader trends in Russian government?
They remained subordinate to the Tsarist society and were part of the political reforms in Russia.
What were the goals of Sergei Witte and what was the centerpiece of his industrial policy?
He wanted to stimulate economic development. The center-piece was the trans-Siberian railway.
Two Russian cities listed on page 730:
St. Petersburg and Moscow
What situation did Jewish people face in Russia, and where did some go?
They were targets of pogroms. They migrated to western Europe and U.S.
Offer two facts about the reign of Nicholas II:
Reign was 1894-1917, he championed oppression and police control.
Describe the significance of the Duma:
Was Russia’s first parliamentary institution, was the first instituition, with bad power but it gave the people the realization of the first stepping stones of change.
Year of Treaty of Nanjing, war it followed, and basic context:
1842, ended the opium war, Britain gained Hong Kong and trade rights.
Leader, dates, goals, and capital of Taiping Rebellion:
Hong Xiuquan, believed in gender equality, 1850-1864. Capital of the rebellion was Nanjing.
What was the quote from the Self-Strengthening Movement?
“Chinese learning at the base, Western learning for use.”
List 3 specific events from page 722 that took place in the Ottoman Empire by the early nineteenth century
- Officials launched reforms to regenerate imperial vigor
- Egypt/N African states declared independence
- Empire declined
Describe actions of the Janissaries in the nineteenth century
Janissaries became more interested in politics and neglected their military training. This made the Ottoman Empire more vulnerable to other powerful foes
In which two places did the Ottoman Empire maintain its authority
Anatolia , Iraq
Which two Balkan former provinces gained independence
Greece and Serbia
How did Napoleon’s actions affect Egypt
Turmoil would begin as local elites battled for authority
How did Muhammad Ali affect Egypt?
He built a powerful army modeled on European forces and ruled Egypt from 1805-1848
Describe the significance of capitulations in the Ottoman Empire
They gave European powers Extraterritoriality allowing Europeans to exercise their own justice according to their laws on Ottomans
What happened with Sultan Selim III’s military reforms
Wanted to remodel his army along the lines of European forces but it would fail
What happened with Mahmud II’s reform efforts?
Mahmud had made the empire smaller, but more powerful and structured from the early seventeenth century
What legal reforms took place during the Tanzimat era? List at least two:
- commercial code
- penal code
2 points: Describe both the Young Ottomans and the Young Turks and how their ideas could be analyzed
Young Ottomans = advocated for individual freedom local autonomy and political decentralization
Young Turks - called for gender equality, freedom of religion, and free education
What percentage of its empire poke Russian in the nineteenth century?
50%
What social group made up the vast majority of Russia population? And offer another word that identifies the condition many of them lived in:
peasants, serfdom
Treaty of Nanjing was signed in _____ to conclude the
1842, Opium War
Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao attempted the Hundred Days Reform True or False?
True
Mahmud II’s Military reforms of the military were _____ than Selim III’s reforms
More effective
1 modern day country that did not gain independence or autonomy from the Ottoman Empire in the 18th century was
Anatolia
Which of these were gained from the Sino-Japanese War?
the Pescadores Islands, Taiwan, and the Liaodong Peninsula
In 1914, the holy cities Mecca and Medina were
Part of the Ottoman Empire
The Trans-Siberian Railroad traveled from Moscow to
Vladivostok in Russia’s far east
Which country could be considered a land dissenting from the Russian Tsarist System on Ethnic as well as Political grounds.
Georgia
Name the Japanese artist who offered a late 19th century pointed contrast in fashion in his depiction of two women at the seaside. One wearing European swimwear, and the other has donned a kimono.
Miyagawa Shuntei
US American Consul General
Townsend Harris
Which Japanese painter illustrated the Japanese naval victory over the Chinese fleet?
Kobayashi Kiyochika
