AP World History Study Packet Part 2 Flashcards
What applied new ways of understanding both the natural world and human relationships, as well as reexamining the role of religion? (1750-1900)
Enlightment
What was the effect of the enlightenment. (1750-1900)
New ideas emerged about individual and natural rights and the “social contract”
Enlightenment ideas include (1750-1900)
Questioning of established traditions in all areas of life, nationalism: often became a major force and could lead to revolutions and shapes states and empires
American Revolution (1750-1900)
Colonies wanted political independence from Britain had war and successfully gained independence from the number 1 strongest empire in the world at that time.
Declaration of Independence (1750-1900)
Article of Independence of America from Britain, inspired by Democratic ideals and inspired other revolutions
Latin American Revolutions (1750-1900)
Simon Bolivar (1750-1900)
Letter from Jamacia (1750-1900)
Haitian Revolution (1750-1900)
It was a slave revolt, it was bloody and it was against the French oppressors and Haiti won being one of the few independent systems in the western Hemisphere.
French Revolution and their views on Monarchy (1750-1900)
Napoleon and the Napoleonic Wars (1750-1900)
From being a French Officer during the Revolution to Monarch he wanted to spread revolutionary ideas and gain power in Europe. For 7 wars the Monarchies fought against France and her allies to suppress Napoleon and his plans. The Final battle of Waterloo set the fate of Napoleon’s empire.
What was behind German and Italian Unification (1750-1900)
Nationalism
What are some factors that contributed to the growth of industrial production and eventually the Industrial Revolution (1750-1900)
- Proximity to waterways
- Geographical distribution of coal, iron, and timber
- Improved agriculture and urbanization
- Legal protection of private property
- Accumulation of capital and access to foreign resources
- Development of the factory system, concentrating production in a single location and increasing specialization of labor
What developed as a part of the Industrial revolution? (1750-1900)
Steam power development, generally allowed humans to take advantage of the energy stored in fossil fuels like coal and oil. It contributed to massive manufacturing production.
Where was the Industrial revolution taken place mainly. (1750-1900)
Europe and the US, Russia, and Japan. There was still production in Asia and the Middle East.
The Second Industrial Revolution in the second half of the 19th century led to new methods in production of what? (1750-1900)
Steel, chemicals electricity, and precision machinery.
During the Industrial Revolution, what made exploration, development, and communication possible. (1750-1900)
Railroads, steamships, and the telegraph.
Why was Banking and Finance needed during the Industrial Revolution? (1750-1900)
Due to the global nature of trade and production, it contributed to large-scale transnational businesses that needed these banking.
Western European counties during this era of Industrial Revolution began abandoning mercantilism define it. (1750-1900)
What led to the growth of export economies around the world in the Industrial Revolution (1750-1900)
The need for raw materials for factories and increased food supplies for growing populations.
In the industrial revolution what were the profits spent on from the raw materials. (1750-1900)
Used to purchase finished goods.
What challenges did rapid urbanization bring? (1750-1900)
Pollution, poverty, increased crime, public health crises, housing shortages, and insufficient infrastructure to accommodate urban growth.
What were new social classes during Industrialization and what were the roles Women and Children had in these classes? (1750-1900)
- Middle class and industrial working class formed.
- In the working class: Women and Children worked and gained wage-earning jobs.
- Middle-class women did not need to work and had roles in the household or in child development.
- Development of industrial capitalism did lead to increased standards of living for some, and also notable to continued improvement in manufacturing methods that increased availability, affordability, and variety of consumer goods.
What was the response to the social and economic changes brought about by industrial capitalism? (1750-1900)
Some governments, organizations, and individuals promoted various types of political, social, educational, and urban reforms. In Industrialized states, many workers organized themselves into labor unions to improve working conditions, limit hours, and gain higher wages. Workers’ movements and political parties emerged in different areas, promoting alternative visions of society.
Who were the two people who serves as an example as were some governments, organizations, and individuals promoting various types of political, social, educational, and urban reforms. (1750-1900)
Karl Marx and the ideas of socialism and communism.
What were the response of the expansion of industrialization in Asia and Africa (1750-1900)
Governments including the Ottoman Empire and Qing China, sought to reform and modernize their economies and militaries. Reform efforts were often resisted by some members of government or established elite groups.
What were used to justify imperialism and give examples. (1750-1900)
A range of cultural, religious, and racial ideologies were used to justify imperialism, including Social Darwinism, nationalism, the concept of the civilizing mission (mission civilisatrice), and the desire to religiously convert indigenous populations.
During the age of Imperialism what did states with existing colonies do? (1750-1900)
They strengthened their control over those colonies and in some cases assumed direct control over colonies previously held by non-state entities.
How did European states expand their empires in Africa during Imperialism? (1750-1900)
Warfare and diplomacy
What did the US, Russia, and Japan do to expand their lands? (1750-1900)
They conquered and settled in neighboring territories.
Overall Imperialism was what? (1750-1900)
European countries as well as the US and Japan acquire territories throughout Asia and the Pacific, while Spanish and Portuguese influenced declined. Industrialized states and business within those states primarily practiced economic imperialism in Asia and Latin America.
How was Imperialistic Trade? (1750-1900)
Trade in some commodities was organized in a way that gave merchants and companies based in Europe and the US a distinct advantage.
Increasing questions about political authority as well as growing nationalism contributed to anti-colonial movements what is an example that grew strong over time and began in 1885? (1750-1900)
The Indian National Congress.
Increasing discontent with imperial rule led to… (1750-1900)
Rebellions, some influenced by religious ideas. And Anti-Imperial resistance took various forms, including direct resistance within empires and the creation of new states on the peripheries.
Migration in many cases was influenced by what? (1750-1900)
By changes in demographics in both industrialized and unindustrialized societies that presented challenges to existing patterns of living.
What actually grew the practice of migration (1750-1900)
New modes of transportation lead to internal and external migrants increasingly relocate to cities. This pattern contributed to the significant global urbanization of the 19th century. Transportation also allowed for many migrants to return periodically or permanently to their home societies
What were the reasons for people to relocate and give explanation of this reason. (1750-1900)
Work, global capitalist economy continued to rely on coerced and semi coerced labor migration,
Chinese and Indian indentured servitude and convict labor was in a settler colony. (1750-1900)
Migrants tended to be male what did this lead to?(1750-1900)
Leading to women taking on new roles in the original home society that had formerly been occupied by men.
What did Migrants often create to help transplant their culture into new enviroments.
Ethnic enclaves in different parts of the world.
Was immigration always embraced?
No this is seen in degrees of ethnic and racial prejudice and the ways states attempted to regulate the increased flow people across their borders.
The older, land based Ottoman Russian, and Qing Empires collapsed due to what? (1900-Present)
Combination of internal and external forces. These changes in Russia eventually led to communist revolutions.
Rapid advances in science and technology altered the understanding of? (1900-Present)
the universe and the natural world, and led to advances in communication, transportation, industry, agriculture, and medicine.
For the entirety of the 20th century what led to worldwide conflicts? (1900-Present)
Challenging existing political and social orders by people and states around the world continued in varying ways, leading to unpreceded worldwide conflicts.
What was the cause of WW1 (1900-Present)
Included imperialist expansion and competition for resources. In addition, territorial and regional conflicts combined with flawed alliance system and intense nationalism to escalate the tensions into global conflict.
World War I was the first (1900-Present)
Total War
What did governments used for the purpose of waging war? (1900-Present)
Strategies like political propaganda, art, media, and intensified forms of nationalism, to mobilize populations for war.
Between the two world wars, Western and Japanese imperial states predominantly … (1900-Present)
Maintained control over colonial holdings; in some cases, they gained additional territories through conquest or treaty settlement and in other cases faced anti-imperial resistance.
Following WW1 and the onset of the Great Depression governments began doing what? (1900-Present)
Began to take more active role in economic life. This was taken to an extreme in the Soviet Union, where the government controlled the national economy through Five Year Plans, often implementing repressive policies, with negative impacts on the population.
The cause of WWII was (1900-Present)
Unsustainable peace settlement after WW1, global economic crisis caused by the Great Depression, continued imperialist aspirations, and especially the rise to power of fascist and totalitarian regimes that resulted in the aggressive militarism of Nazi Germany under Adolf Hitler.
WWII was also a (1900-Present)
Total War
Did Governments used strategies like political propaganda, art, media, and intensified forms of nationalism, to mobilize populations for war? (1900-Present)
Yes
What did Governments also use for mobilization to war? (1900-Present)
Governments used ideologies, including fascism and communism, to mobilize all of their states’ resources for war and, in the case of totalitarian states, to repress basic freedoms and dominate many aspects of daily life during the course of the conflicts and beyond.
New military tech and new tactics including the Atomic Bomb, fire-bombing and the waging of “total war” led to increased levels of wartime casualties. True or False? (1900-Present)
True
The rise of extremist groups in power led to the attempted destruction of what? (1900-Present)
Destruction of specific populations, notably the Nazi killing of the Jewish people in the Holocaust during World War II, and to other atrocities, acts of genocide, or ethnic violence.
Technological and economic gains experienced during World War II by the victorious nations shifted the global balance of power. 1900-Present)
Following World War I there was hope for what but it wasn’t fulfilled? (1900-Present)
Self-governance in colonies
Following WWII what happened? (1900-Present)
Increasing anti-imperialist sentiment contributed to the dissolution of empires and the restructuring of states, Nationalist leaders and parties in Asia and Africa sought varying degrees of autonomy within or independence from imperial rule.
What were the things colonized people did to challenge colonial rule and inherited imperial boundaries? (1900-Present)
The use of Regional, Religious, and Ethnic movements.
What did the movements of anti-imperialism sought? (1900-Present)
Movements to redistribute land and resources developed within states in Africa, Asia, and Latin America, sometimes advocating communism or socialism.
What led to the Chinese Communist Revolution? (1900-Present)
As a result of internal tension and Japanese aggression, Chinese communists gained power thus controlling the national economy through the Great Leap Forward, often implementing repressive policies, with negative repercussions for the population.
What led to the creation of new states in Decolonization? (1900-Present)
The redrawing of political boundaries after the withdrawal of former colonial authorities led to the creation of new states. In some cases, this led to conflict as well as population displacement and/or resettlements, including those related to the Partition of India and the creation of the state of Israel.
In newly independent states after WWII, governments often took a … (1900-Present)
Strong role in guiding economic life to promote development.
What re some groups and individuals that promoted alternative to the existing economic, political, and social orders?
Non-Aligned Movement.
Did former colonies specifically in major cities keep cultural and economic ties between the former colony? If yes give examples.
Yes, South Asian people and London, Algerian people and France, Filipino people and USA.
When did the global balance of power shift? (1900-Present)
Shifted during and after WWII and rapidly evolved into the Cold War. The Democracy of the United States and the authoritarian communist Soviet Union emerged as superpowers, which led to ideological conflict and a power struggle between capitalism and communism around the globe.
What did the Cold War Produce? (1900-Present)
Produced new military alliances, including NATO and the Warsaw Pact, and led to nuclear proliferation and proxy wars between and within postcolonial states in Latin America, Africa, and Asia.
What led to the end of the Cold War and the collapse of the USSR? (1900-Present)
Advances in US military and technological development, the USSR’s costly and ultimately failed invasion of Afghanistan, and public disconcert and economic weakness in communist countries led to the end.
Who opposed the trend of conflict in the 20th century? (1900-Present)
Many individuals and groups including states. Some individuals and groups, however, intensified the conflicts, and militaries and militarized states often responded to the proliferation of conflicts in ways that further intensified conflict.
Groups and individuals challenged many wars of the century as well as injustice, who are these people? (1900-Present)
Mohandas Gandhi, Martin Luther King Jr., and Nelson Mandela, promoted the practice of nonviolence as a way to bring about political change. However, some movements used violence against civilians in an effort to achieve political goals.
What are some new modes of communication during the age of Globalization? (1900-Present)
Radio, cellular, and the internet, as well as transportation, including air travel and shipping containers. All reduced the problem of geographic distance.
Revolutions in information and communications technology led to what? (1900-Present)
Led to the growth of knowledge economies in some regions, while industrial production and manufacturing were increasingly situated in Asia and Latin America.
What are examples of Energy technologies and what are the effects of using them? (1900-Present)
Petroleum and nuclear power, raised productivity and increased the production of material goods.
Explain the Green Revolution (1900-Present)
The Green Revolution which was the increase in agricultural technology and commercial agriculture to increase productivity and sustain the earth’s growing population as it spread chemically and genetically modified forms of agriculture.
Birth Control (1900-Present)
More effective forms of birth control gave women greater control over fertility, transformed reproductive practices, and contributed to declining rates of fertility much of the world.
What had significant effects on populations around the world? (1900-Present)
Diseases as well as medical and scientific developments. Diseases associated with poverty persisted while other diseases emerged as new epidemics and threats to human popluations.
What did the disease outbreaks spur? (1900-Present)
Spurred technological and medical advances, medical innovations like vaccines and antibiotics, increased the ability of humans to survive and live longer lives. And some diseases occurred at higher incidence merely because of people living longer.
Did humans compete with resources more intensely than ever before during globalization? (1900-Present)
Yes human activity contributed to deforestation, desertification, a decline in air quality , and increased consumption of the world’s supply of fresh water.
What led to the debate of nature and causes of climate change? (1900-Present)
Release of greenhouse gases and pollutants.
Many governments encouraged what by the end of what in Globalization (1900-Present)
governments encouraged free-market economic policies and promoted economic liberalization in the late 20th century by the end of the Cold War.
What reflected the spread of principles and practices associated with free-market economies? (1900-Present)
Changing economic institutions, multinational corporations, and regional trade agreements reflected this.
Movements throughout the world protested the what during Globalization? (1900-Present)
Protested the inequality of the economic and environmental consequences of global integration, industrialization, and international trade.
Rights-based discourses challenged what during Globalization? (1900-Present)
Discourses challenged old assumptions about race, class, gender, and religion. And in much of the world, access to education and participation in political and professional roles became more inclusive in terms of race, class, gender, and religion.
New international organizations including the UN formed with the stated goal of maintain what during Globalization?(1900-Present)
World peace and facilitating international cooperation.
What became more global and transcended national borders during globalization? (1900-Present)
Arts, entertainment, and popular and consumer culrues, it refleects the influence of globalized society this was made more accessible by digital technologies.
