Midterm Review Flashcards
What phrase describes 3 characteristics that many civilizations displayed during 1200-1450
They displayed continuity, innovation, and diversity.
What three religions continued to shape societies in Europe, Africa, and Asia during 1200-1450?
Islam, Judaism, and Chrisitianity
What religion, and what sects of this religion continued to shape societies in Asia during 1200-1450.
Buddhism, including Mahayana, Theravada, and Tibetan Buddhism.
What two topics does time period 1200-1450 have?
Global Tapestry and Networks of Exchange.
What two topics does the time period 1450-1750 include?
Transoceanic connections and land-based empires.
What two topics does the time period 1750-1900 include?
Revolutions and consequences of Industrialization.
What 3 topics does the time period 1900-present include?
Global Conflict, cold war and Decolonization, and Globalization.
What were social hierarchies based on, and what happened to them during 1200-1450?
Based on gender, occupation, political power and socioeconomic status. They were established and also changed during this era.
What was the situation for women like 1200-1450?
They offered meaningful contributions in multiple ways while experiencing limitations in different societies and contexts.
What 3 trade routes linked the different regions of Afro-eurasia during 1200-1450?
Silk Road, Indian Ocean Basin, Trans-Saharan trade.
What 3 systems/ideologies did song dynasty China use 1200-1450?
Confucianism, neo-Confucianism, and imperial bureaucracy,
Why did Song China’s economy flourish in regard to materials, and what sort of labor did it depend on 1200-1450?
It flourished in part due to high levels of metal and iron production while still depending on both free and peasant labor.
Why did Song China’s economy flourish in regard to agriculture.
It flourished in part due to agricultural advancements like the introduction of fast-ripening Champa rice from Vietnam.
What 3 religions continued to shape Societies in S. and SE. Asia including new Hindu and Buddhist states.
Hinduism, Islam, and Buddhism.
Khmer Empire dates and what it centered around. (choose one for S. and SE. Asia)
The Khmer Empire existed from 802 to 1431 and it centered around hydraulic cities in modern day N. Cambodia.
What does Dar al-Islam mean, and what is it.
It means house of Islam, and it is the Muslim world.
What two entities played a prominent role in the Dar al-Islam 1200-1450?
The Abbasid Dynasty and Muslim Spain.
How did Islam expand from 1200-1450?
Military conquest, merchants, missionaries, and Sufis.
What did the significant intellectual innovations and developments in the Dar al-Islam include 1200-1450?
medicine, poetry, literature, philosophy, mathematics, and studies of ancient Greek ideas
What happened as the Abbasid dynasty fragmented 1200-1450?
New Muslim Political entities emerged, many of them established by Turkic peoples.
Mali empire dates and founder
The Mali empire existed from 1226 to 1670 and was founded by Sundiata.
What was the situation of women in Africa 1200-1450?
They faced limitations on public authority yet were also respected and played important roles. They often had greater opportunities than women in other places.
What was slavery like in Africa 1200-1450?
Slavery, including the trans-Saharan slave trade was present. It was distinguishable in many ways from the triangle slave trade.
In a general sense, what was the political situation in Europe 1200-1450?
It was politically fragmented, and had decentralized monarchies, feudalism, and the manorial system.
What sort of society was Europe like 1200-1450? (has to do with food)
It was an agricultural society.
What sort of labor did Europe depend on 1200-1450?
Free and coerced labor, including serfdom.
Under who’s leadership did the Mongolian Empire emerge 1200-1450?
Chinggis Khan.
What Khanates, Ilkhanates and dynasties did the Mongolian empire include and where were they 1200-1450.
- Khanate of Chaghatai in Central Asia
- Ilkhanate of Persia in Southwest Asia
- Khanate of the Golden Horde expanding into modern Russia
- Yuan Dynasty in China
What did the expansion of the Mongol empire facilitate 1200-1450?
Afro-Eurasian trade and exchange of ideas and technologies like Greco-Islamic medical knowledge to Western Europe.
What facilitated the silk roads 1200-1450?
Caravan Serai
What are caravan Serai
Rest stops for people and animals on the silk road.
What did increased on the silk roads to promote for its cities 1200-1450?
The growth of trading cities like Kashgar and Samarkand.
What encouraged growth in the trade of luxury goods like textiles and porcelain on the silk road 1200-1450?
This was encouraged by new forms of credit and money economics, like the use of paper money.
How were technology and cultural ideas spread throughout the Indian ocean basin 1200-1450?
Conflict and contact
Name one person who spread technology and cultural ideas in the Indian Ocean Basin sometime from 1200-1450?
Chinese Ming admiral Zheng He
What spurred Indian ocean Basin trade from 1200-1450?
New commercial practices like those on the silk road, as well as technological inventions like the compass, astrolabe, and larger ship designs
What happened in connection to Indian Ocean Basin trade? 1200-1450
City-states grew
What city-states grew as a result of Indian Ocean Basin trade and where were they Does this demonstrate?
The city states of the Swahili coast, in Africa, Gujarat in India, and the Sultanate of Malacca in modern day Malaysia. This demonstrates the geographic breadth of the trade.
What did merchants set up in the Indian Ocean Basin? 1200-1450
Set up diasporic communities.
What effects did the Diasporic communities that the merchants set up in the Indian Ocean Basin have? 1200-1450
This preserved and spread the merchants own cultural traditions as well as leading to syncretism between merchant and indigenous cultures.
What encouraged growth in trans Saharan regional trade 1200-1450?
Innovations in existing technologies like an improved camel saddle and caravans.
What expanded in Africa in 1200-1450?
Trans-Saharan trade and empires including Mali in W. Africa.
Trans-Saharan trade and empires including Mali in West Africa expanded during this time, what else expanded 1200-1450?
Communication between peoples on the trade networks.
What were some technologies spread on the trade routes of Afro-Eurasia during the years 1200-1450?
Gunpowder and paper from China and Greek and Islamic Medical knowledge.
Give important examples of cultural diffusion in Afro-Eurasia during the years 1200-1450.
Buddhism in Asia, Hinduism in SE. Asia, Islam in Sub Saharan Africa and Asia.
What is a result of Afro-Eurasian trade 1200-1450? (has to do with goods and edibles)
Luxury goods including silk and textiles and porcelain as well as greater varieties of food and spices became available to consumers across wider areas.
Name 3 people who wrote about their journeys in Afro-Eurasia 1200-1450.
Marco Polo, Margery Kempe, and Ibn Battuta
What spread on the major trade routes of Afro-Eurasia 1200-1450. Give some examples.
Crops, like bananas from SE. Asia to Africa and new rice varieties in Asia. Diseases also spread, like the bubonic plague.
Mexica dates and what did they speak. (one empire in the Americas)
The Mexica existed from around 1300 to 1521 and spoke Nahuatl.
What were some important innovations in the Americas from the Indigenous peoples1200-1450? Who did them?
Inca roads and Mexica tribute.
What did societies in the Americas not develop that Afro-Eurasians did in 1200-1450.
Immunity to a wide range of diseases.
Name the 3 Islamic
empires 1450-1750 and where they were.
Ottoman-Middle East, S. Europe, N. Africa
Safavid-Middle East
Mughal- South and Central Asia
What intensified the split within Islam between the Sunni and Shi’a sects?
The rivalry between the Ottoman and Safavid empires.
Name two non-Muslim land empires 1450-1750 and where they were.
Spanish Empire and Holy Roman Empire
What marked a break with existing Christian traditions 1250-1450?
The Protestant reformation.
What contributed to the growth of Christianity 1250-1450?
Protestant and Catholic reformations.
What religion developed in S. Asia because of interactions between Islam and Hinduism.
Sikhism.
How was imperial expansion similar in both hemispheres 1450-1750?
It relied on the increased use of Gunpowder weapons, cannons, and arms trade.
How did rulers continue to legitimize their rule 1450-1750? Give 2 examples.
Using religious ideas, art, and monumental architecture. The Taj Majal in the Mughal empire and Versailles in France.
What did rulers use to generate revenue in order to advance state power and expansion? 1450-1750
Rulers used tribute collection, tax farming (including Ottoman), and innovative tax-collection systems (including Mexica tribute)
The spread of what, and from where, facilitated European technological developments and innovation? 1450-1750
Knowledge, scientific learning, and technology from the Classical, Islamic, and Asian worlds
What key technological developments made transoceanic travel possible 1450-1750? (has to do with weather and ships)
Innovations in ship design like the caravel and lateen sail, improved understanding of astronomical charts and regional wind and current patterns.
What did Portuguese developments in maritime technology and navigational skill lead to? 1450-1750
Increased travel and trade with Africa and Asia, and the construction of a global trading post empire.
What effect did Spanish sponsorship of the voyages of Columbus and subsequent voyages across the Atlantic and Pacific have? 1450-1750
This sponsorship dramatically increased European interest in transoceanic travel and trade.
Who sponsored N. Atlantic crossings, and what was their Goal? 1450-1750
The English, French, and Dutch, who were often trying to find alternative sailing routes to Asia.
Columbian Exchange definition 1450-1750
The exchange of new plants, animals and diseases resulting from new connections between the eastern and western hemispheres.
What diseases were endemic in the eastern hemisphere and were transferred to the western by rats and mosquitos during colonization. What effect did this have? 1450-1750
Smallpox, measles, and malaria. These had catastrophic effects on indigenous populations in some places in the Americas
What was brought by Europeans to the Americas 1450-1750? (not diseases)
Afro-Eurasian fruit trees, grains, sugar, and domesticated animals like horses and cattle.
Who brought Okra and Rice to the Americas? 1450-1750
Enslaved Africans.
Where in the Americas were cash crops grown, who grew them, and where were they exported? 1450-1750
Plantations, using coerced and slave labor, and were exported to Europe and the Middle east.
What led to population growth in Afro-Eurasia 1450-1750?
American crops like Maize becoming staple crops there.
In general, where were land based empires and where were trading posts established by Europeans?1450-1750
Land based empires were established in the Americas, and trading posts were established in Afro-Asia.
Name two trading posts, their modern-day country, and what country controlled them.
Calicut and Goa, both in India, were Portuguese trading posts.
What Asian states sought to limit the disruptive economic and cultural effects of European-dominated long-distance trade by adopting restrictive or isolationist trade policies (1450-1750)
Ming China and Tokugawa Japan
How did the Triangle Trade emerge and what are relevant locations in this trade? (1450-1750)
It emerged because of the regional trade networks between Africa and Europe. Afro-Eurasia, the Atlantic Ocean, and the Americas are important locations.
Which European states driven largely by political, religious, and economic rivalries made European maritime empires. (1450-1750)
Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch, French, and British.
Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch, French, and British Empires used Joint-Stock companies and mercantilist practices to (1450-1750)
finance exploration and compete in global trade
Name the three syncretic belief systems that developed because of interactions between the hemispheres and where they were located. (1450-1750)
Santeria (Cuba), Voudou (Haiti), and Candomble (Brazil)
What states in Africa used the expansion of maritime trading networks to foster growth. (1450-1750)
The Asante and the Kingdom of the Kongo, whose participation in trading networks led to an increase in their influence.
Despite some disruption and restructuring due to the arrival of _____________________ existing Indian Ocean basin networks continued to flourish, including with leadership of intra-Asian trade by Asian merchants including _____________________ (1450-1750)
1st Line: Portuguese, Spanish, and Dutch merchants
2nd Line: Swahili Arabs, Omanis, Gujaratis, and Javanese
Who led an organized resistance in Ndongo against the Portuguese? How did she dress? (1450-1750)
Ana Nzinga, a queen who dressed as a male warrior when leading her troops into battle.
What practices did the Mughal Empire under Akbar adopt to accommodate to the ethnic and religious diversity of their empires? (1450-1750)
Akbar implemented a syncretic religion called the “divine faith” which focused on the emperor as the ruler of all religious, ethnic, and social groups of India.
In the Americas, newly-developed colonial economies depended largely on (1450-1750)
Agriculture
What systems did the colonial economies utilize in the Americas (1450-1750)
The existing Incan mit’a system,
and new labor systems like, chattel slavery, indentured servitude, and the encomienda and hacienda systems
What practices did the Ottoman Empire adopt to accommodate to the ethnic and religious diversity of their empires?(1450-1750)
Devshirme were converted to Islam. Devshirme was an institution where the Ottomans required the Christian population of young boys to become slaves of the sultan.
What is the Inca Mita system (1450-1750)
Incan mit’a system, which was a form of labor tax where communities provided labor to the state.
What is chattel slavery (1450-1750)
chattel slavery, where individuals were treated as property;
What is indentured servitude (1450-1750)
indentured servitude, where individuals worked for a set period in exchange for passage to the America
Which empire had restrictive policies against Han Chinese?
The Qing Empire.
What is the encomienda system and Hacienda system (1450-1750)
Encomienda and hacienda systems, where Spanish settlers were granted land and could demand labor from the indigenous people living on it.
Enslavement in Africa continued, including the export of enslaved persons to what regions? (1450-1750)
The Mediterranean and Indian Ocean Basins
What increased the demand of slave labors in the Americas, leading to significant demographic and social changes, including gender roles? (1450-1750)
Growth of plantation systems in the Americas
New global circulation of goods was facilitated by European monopoly companies and the flow of silver. What colonial empire had a surplus of silver? How did they get it? (1450-1750)
Spanish Colonial Mines in the Americas
What Asian state had high demand of silver, for it was used to purchase Asian goods for Atlantic markets (1450-1750)
China
Which peoples were exiled from Spain and Portugal?
The Jews.
What was the Casta system in the Americas?
This system of castas racially classified individuals based on their blood lineage as a means to control individuals who were neither considered Spanish, Indian, nor Black.
Regional trade networks in Afro-Eurasia continued to flourish by using established commercial practices and new routes by European merchants, what was a famous and effective trade route for Europeans. (1450-1750)
The Atlantic system, known as the The Triangle Trade Route
Name an empire that was formed because of global economic opportunities and imperial conquests:
Qing Dynasty
75) Write the most important fact you think was missed on this Study Guide (this will very likely be on the Test FYI, so looking forward to hearing from you…):
How did newly-developed colonial economies in the Americas (1450-1750) depend on agriculture
Newly-developed colonial economies in the Americas (1450-1750) depended largely on agriculture.
How did the continuation of enslavement in Africa (1450-1750) affect demographic and social changes?
the export of enslaved persons to the Mediterranean and Indian Ocean regions affected the growth of the plantation system in the Americas which increased the demand for enslaved labor, leading to significant demographic and social changes.
How did the growth of the plantation system in the Americas (1450-1750) affect social changes, including gender roles?
There were shifts in gender roles, as the labor demands and social structures of the plantation system impacted the roles and responsibilities of men and women in both African and American societies.
How did European monopoly companies and the global flow of silver, especially from Spanish colonial mines in the Americas, facilitate new global circulation of goods (1450-1750)?
The new global circulation of goods was facilitated by European monopoly companies and the global flow of silver, particularly from Spanish colonial mines in the Americas. The high demand for silver in China allowed Europeans to use it to purchase Asian goods, which were then sold in Atlantic markets.
How did regional trade networks in Afro-Eurasia continue to flourish 1450-1750?
Regional trade networks in Afro-Eurasia continued to flourish by using new transoceanic and regional shipping services developed by European merchants. Examples are the English East India company and the Dutch VOC.
what new trade systems emerged during the period 1450-1750?
Additionally, the Atlantic system, informally known as the triangle trade, emerged during this period, further enhancing global trade connections.
How did enslaved persons and local groups challenge authorities and resist state and empire expansion in the Americas and Africa (1450-1750)?
Enslaved persons in the Americas challenged authorities through organized resistance such as Ana Nzinga’s in Ndongo, resisted state and empire expansion and centralization.
How did the increases and intensification of interactions between newly connected hemispheres (1450-1750) impact the development of religions and belief systems?
expanded the reach and furthered the development of existing religions.
How did the increases and intensification of interactions between newly connected hemispheres (1450-1750) impact the development of belief systems?
These interactions facilitated the blending of different religious traditions and the emergence of new, hybrid belief systems such as Santeria, Candomble, and Voudou in Cuba, Brazil and Haiti.
How did states or empires suppress diversity or limit certain groups’ roles in society, politics, or the economy during the period (1450-1750)?
For example, the Qing Empire implemented restrictive policies against the Han Chinese, and Spain and Portugal expelled Jewish people from their territories.
How did states such as the Mughal and Ottoman empires (1450-1750) accommodate ethnic and religious diversity and utilize the economic, political, and military resources of their realms?
They adopted practices like ottoman devshirme and the Mughal divine faith
Devshirme
Ottomans, Christian boys were recruited and converted to islam and trained for administrative or military roles
What was the purpose of limiting the power of certain groups of peoples in society, politics, and economy during the period (1450-1750?)
These actions were aimed at consolidating power and maintaining control over diverse populations.
Who is Ana Nzinga?
Ana Nzinga, a queen of Ndongo, led her people in resisting Portuguese colonization and expansion efforts in the region.
How did silver effect the global economy?
It significantly boosted the global exchange of goods and commodities during the period from 1450 to 1750.
