Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MCAT Psychology > Socialization > Flashcards

Socialization Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
MCAT flashcards Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards AP® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

Social Facilitation

A

The tendency of people to perform at a different level based on the fact that others are around

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Deindividuation

A

The process by which individuals lose their self-awareness and distinctive personality in the context of a group, which may lead them to engage in antinormative behavior.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The Bystander Effect

A

the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Peer Pressure

A

The social influence exerted by one’s peers to act in a way that is acceptable or similar to their own behaviors.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Group Polarization

A

The attitude of the group as a whole toward a particular issue becomes stronger than the attitudes of its individual members.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Group Think

A

is the tendency for groups to make decisions based on ideas and solutions that arise within the group without considering outside ideas. Ethics may be disturbed as pressure is created to conform and remain loyal to the group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Culture

A

A total way of life held in common by a group of people, including learned features such as language, ideology, behavior, technology, and government.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Assimilation

A

Adopting the traits of another culture. Often happens over time when one immigrates into a new country.

The process where a group or individuals culture begins to melt into another culture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Multiculturalism

A

The practice of valuing and respecting differences in culture.
It is the encouragement of multiple cultures within a community to enhance diversity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Subcultures

A

refers to a group of people within a culture that distinguishes themselves from the primary culture to which they belong

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Subcultures

A

refers to a group of people within a culture that distinguishes themselves from the primary culture to which they belong

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Socialization

A

is the process of developing and spreading norms. customs and beliefs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Norms

A

rules and expectations by which a society guides the behavior of its members

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Beliefs

A

Specific ideas that people hold to be true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Stigma

A

is the extreme disapproval or dislike of a person or group based on perceived differences from the rest of society.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Schemas

A

Concepts or mental frameworks that organize and interpret information.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Deviance

A

Behavior that violates the standards of conduct or expectations of a group or society

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Conformity

A

Adjusting one’s behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Compliance

A

occurs when an individual changes their behavior based on the requests of others. Methods of gaining compliance include foot-in-the-door technique, door-in-the-face technique, lowball technique, and thats not all technique among others.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Obedience

A

A form of compliance that occurs when people follow direct commands, usually from someone in a position of authority

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Attitudes

A

Patterns of feelings and beliefs about other people, ideas, or objects that are based on a person’s past experiences, shape his or her future behavior, and are evaluative in nature.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

The Functional Attitudes Theory

A

states that there are four functional areas of attitude that serve individuals in life: knowledge, ego expression, adaptability, and ego defense

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Components of Attitude

A

Affect, behavioral, Cognitive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

The Learning Theory of Attitude

A

states that attributes are developed through forms of learning: direct contact, direct interaction, direct instruction, and conditioning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

The Elaboration Likelihood Model of Attitude

A

states that attitudes are formed and changed through different routes of information processing based on the degree of elaboration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

The Social Cognitive Theory of Attitude

A

states that attitudes are formed through observation of behavior, personal factors, and environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Central Route Processing

A

One of the ELM routes. Occurs when a listener is persuaded by the arguments or the content of the message.
High Elaboration
Scrutinizing and analyzing the content of persuasive information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Peripheral Route Processing

A

One of the ELM routes. Occurs when a listener decides whether to agree with the message based on other cues besides the strength of the arguments or ideas in the message.
Low Elaboration
Focusing on superficial details of persuasive information.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Normative Conformity

A

the desire to fit into a group because of fear of rejection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Identification

A

refers to the outward acceptance of others ideas without personally taking on these ideas.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Counterculture

A

A culture with lifestyles and values opposed to those of the established culture.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Social Loafing

A

The tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Cognitive Dissonance

A

A state of mental discomfort arising from a discrepancy between two or more of a person’s beliefs or between a person’s beliefs and overt behavior.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Identity Shift Effect

A

person’s state of harmony is disrupted by threat of social rejection, person will often conform to norms of groyp. but upon doing so, person experiences internal conflict because behavior is outside norm character for person, so the person experiences identity shift to fix internal conflict. adopt standards of group as own

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Status

A

is a position in society used to classify individuals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Ascribed Status

A

A social position assigned to a person by society without regard for the person’s unique talents or characteristics.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Master Status

A

A status that has special importance for social identity, often shaping a person’s entire life.
A status with which a person is most identified.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Achieved Status

A

A social position that a person attains largely through his or her own efforts. It is voluntarily earned by the individual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Role

A

a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Role Performance

A

carrying out of behaviors associated with a given role

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Role Partner

A

another individual who helps define a specific role within the relationship

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Role Set

A

contains all of the different roles associated with a status

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Role Conflict

A

difficulty in satisfying the requirements or expectations of multiple roles simultaneously

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Groupthink

A

occurs when members begin to conform to one anothers’ views and ignore outside perspectives

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Role Strain

A

difficulty in satisfying multiple requirements of the same role

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Groups

A

are made up of two or more individuals with similar characteristics that share a sense of unity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Peer Group

A

A social group whose members have interests, social position, and age in common

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Family Group

A

group into which an individual is born, adopted, or married

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

In Group

A

A group that one identifies with and feels loyalty toward

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Out Group

A

a social group toward which a person feels a sense of competition or opposition.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Primary Groups

A

those that contain strong, emotional bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Secondary Groups

A

Secondary Groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Gemeinschaft (community)

A

is a group unified by feelings of togetherness due to shared beliefs, ancestry, or geography

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Gesellschaft (society)

A

is a group unified by mutual self interest in achieving a goal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Network

A

an observable pattern of social relationships between individuals or groups.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Organizations

A

Bodies of people with a structure and culture designed to achieve specific goals. They exist outside of each individual’s membership within the organization

57
Q

The Basic Model of Emotional Expression

A

states that there are universal emotions, along with corresponding expressions that can be understood across cultures

58
Q

The Social Construction Model of Emotional Expression

A

states that emotions are solely based on the situational context of social interaction

59
Q

Display Rules

A

cross-cultural guidelines for how and when to express emotions

60
Q

Cultural Syndrome

A

shared set of beliefs, norms, values, and behaviors organized around a central theme, as is found among people sharing the same language and geography

61
Q

Impression Management

A

The process of consciously making behavioral choices in order to create a specific impression in the minds of others.

62
Q

Self Disclosure

A

is sharing factual information

63
Q

Managing Appearance

A

An impression management strategy in which one uses props, appearance, emotional expression, or associations with others to create a positive image.

64
Q

Ingratiation

A

using flattery or conformity to win over someone else

65
Q

Aligning Actions

A

An impression management strategy in which one makes questionable behavior acceptable through excuses.

66
Q

The Dramaturgical Approach to Impression Management

A

approach states that a person creates images of themselves in the same way that actors perform a role in front of an audience?

67
Q

Factors that affect Interpersonal Attraction

A
  1. physical attractiveness, which is increased by symmetry and proportions close to the golden ratio.
  2. Self-disclosure
  3. Reciprocity in which we like people who we think like us
  4. Proximity or being physically close to someone
68
Q

Attachment Theory

A
  1. theory based on John Bowlby’s work that posits that children are biologically predisposed to develop attachments to caregivers as a means of increasing the chances of their own survival.
  2. a theory about how our early attachments with our parents shape our relationships for the rest of our lives
69
Q

Secure Attachment

A
  • Attachments rooted in trust and marked by intimacy
  • Infants use the mother as a home base from which to explore when all is well, but seek physical comfort and consolation from her if frightened or threatened
  • A relationship in which an infant obtains both comfort and confidence from the presence of his or her caregiver
  • Requires a constant caregiver
  • the child shows a strong preference for the caregiver
70
Q

Avoidant Attachment

A

occurs when a caregiver has little or no response to a distressed, crying child; the child shows no preference for the caregiver compared to strangers

71
Q

Ambivalent Attachment

A

Occurs when a caregiver has an inconsistent response to a child’s distress, sometimes responding appropriately, sometimes neglectfully. The child will become distressed when caregiver leaves and is ambivalent when he or she returns

72
Q

Disorganized Attachment

A

occurs when a caregiver is erratic or abusive; the child shows no clear pattern of behavior in response to the caregiver’s absence or presence and may show repetitive behaviors

73
Q

Social Support

A

Is the perception or reality that one is cared for by a social network

74
Q

Emotional Support

A

type of nurturing support enabling people to express their feelings and to have those feelings validated by others

75
Q

Esteem Support

A

affirms the qualities and skills of the person

76
Q

Material Support

A

providing physical or monetary resources to aid a person

77
Q

Informational Support

A

providing useful information to a person

78
Q

Network Support

A

providing a sense of belonging to a person

79
Q

Game Theory

A

A model that explains social interaction and decision-making as a game, including strategies, incentives, and punishments.

80
Q

Inclusive Fitness

A

The ability of an organism to increase its fitness by behaving altruistically to support group members that share its genes (e.g. a worker honey bee surrenders any possibility of reproducing itself but supporting the hive increases inclusive fitness and the reproduction of its genes through the queen)

The total effect an individual has on proliferating its genes by producing its own offspring and by providing aid that enables other close relatives to increase the production of their offspring.

81
Q

Social Perception

A

AKA social cognition. The way by which we generate impressions about people in our sexual environment. Contains a perceiver, target, and situation of the scenario

82
Q

Implicit Personality Theory

A

states that people make assumptions about how different types of people, personality traits, and actions are related to each other

83
Q

Cognitive Biases

A
  1. Primacy Effect: First impressions are more important than subsequent impressions
  2. Recency Effect: the most recent information we have about an individual is most important in forming an impression
  3. Reliance on Central Traits
84
Q

Reliance on Central Traits

A

is the tendency to organize the perception of others based on traits and personal characteristics that matter to the perceiver.

85
Q

Primacy Effect (Impressions)

A

First impressions are more important than subsequent impressions

86
Q

Recency Effect (Impressions)

A

the most recent information we have about an individual is most important in forming an impression

87
Q

Halo Effect

A

A cognitive bias in which judgments of an individual’s character can be affected by the overall impression of the individual.

88
Q

Just World Hypothesis

A

the belief that people get what they deserve in life and deserve what they get

89
Q

Self Serving Bias

A

the tendency to attribute successful outcomes of one’s own behavior to internal causes and unsuccessful outcomes to external, situational causes

90
Q

Attribution Theory

A

focuses on the tendency for individuals to infer the causes of other people’s behavior. It can be dispositional or situational

91
Q

Dispositional Attribution (internal)

A

assuming that another’s behavior is due to personality factors, not situational ones

92
Q

Situational Attribution (external)

A

Assigning the cause of a behavior to environmental factors.

93
Q

Correspondent Inference Theory

A
  1. Used to describe attributions made by observing the intentional (especially unexpected) behaviors performed by another person.
  2. A theory that states that people pay closer attention to intentional behavior than accidental behavior when making attributions, especially if the behavior is unexpected.
94
Q

Fundamental Attribution Error

A

The tendency for observers, when analyzing another’s behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition. The tendency to attribute other people’s behavior to dispositional (internal) causes rather than situational (external) causes.

95
Q

Attribute Substitution

A

A phenomenon observed when individuals must make judgements that are complex but instead substitute a simpler solution or perception.

96
Q

Attributions are Highly Influenced By

A

the culture in which one resides

97
Q

Stereotypes

A

Fixed, overly simple and often erroneous ideas about traits, attitudes, and behaviors of groups of people; stereotypes assume that all members of a given group are alike.

98
Q

Self Fulfilling Prophecy

A

an expectation that causes you to act in ways that make that expectation come true.

99
Q

Stereotype Threat

A

Anxiety and resulting impaired performance that a person may experience when confronted with a negative stereotype about a group to which they belong.

100
Q

Prejudice

A

Believing some person/place/thing is inferior or superior without even knowing them

101
Q

Ethnocentrism

A

The belief that one’s group is of central importance, tendency to judge the practices of other groups by one’s own cultural standards.

in group - group to which you belong
out group - group to which you do not belong

102
Q

Cultural Relativism

A

The practice of trying to understand a culture on its own terms and to judge a culture by its own standards.

103
Q

Discrimination (culture)

A

is when prejudicial attitudes cause individuals of a particular group to be treated differently from others.

104
Q

Functionalism

A

Factions of society work together to maintain stability. Claims that society, like an organism, is a system that consists of different components working together.

A theoretical framework that explains how parts of society fit together to create a cohesive whole.

105
Q

Manifest Functions

A

deliberate actions that serve to help a given system

106
Q

Latent Functions

A

unexpected, unintended, or unrecognized positive consequences of manifest functions

107
Q

Conflict Theory

A

Views society in terms of competing groups that act according to their own self-interests, rather than according to the need for societal equilibrium.

a theoretical framework in which society is viewed as composed of groups that are competing for scarce resources

focuses on how power differentials are created and how these differentials contribute to the maintenance of social order

108
Q

Symbolic Interactionism

A

Approach that focuses on the interactions among people based on mutually understood symbols

study of the ways individuals interact through a shared understanding of words, gestures, and other symbols

109
Q

Social Constructionism

A

Human actors construct or create “reality” rather than discovering a reality that has inherent validity.

explores the ways in which individuals and groups make decisions to agree upon a given social reality

110
Q

Rational Choice Theory

A

states that individuals will make decisions that maximize potential benefit and minimize potential harm

111
Q

Expectancy Theory

A

A theory proposing that people will behave based on their perceived likelihood that their effort will lead to a certain outcome and on how highly they value that outcome. It applies rational choice theory.

112
Q

Feminist Theory

A

explores the ways in which one gender can be subordinated, minimized or devalued compared to another

113
Q

The Key Ethical Tenets of American Medicine

A
  1. Beneficience
  2. Justice
  3. Autonomy
  4. Nonmalfeasance
114
Q

Material Culture

A

The physical items one associates with a given cultural group.

115
Q

Symbolic Culture

A

A type of non-material culture that consists of the elements of culture that have meaning only in the mind.

116
Q

Non Material Culture

A

the beliefs, practices, aesthetics, and values , of a group of people

117
Q

Cultural Lag

A

material culture changes more quickly than symbolic culture

118
Q

Value

A

A fundamental belief or practice about what is desirable, worthwhile, and important to an individual

119
Q

Ritual

A

a ceremonial act; a customary procedure

120
Q

Demographics

A

statistical data relating to the population and particular groups within it.

121
Q

Demographic Transition

A

The transition from high birth and mortality rates to lower birth and mortality rates, seen as a country develops from a preindustrial to an industrialized economic system.

Change in Demographics

122
Q

Social Movements

A

organized activity to bring about (proactive or resist (reactive) social change

123
Q

Social Class

A

a category of ppl with a shared SES

124
Q

Prestige

A

is the respect and importance tied to specific occupations or associations.

125
Q

Power

A

is the capacity to influence people through real or perceived rewards and punishments. Power differentials create social inequality

126
Q

Anomie

A

A state of normlessness; anomic conditions erode social solidarity by means of excessive individualism, social inequality, and isolation.

127
Q

Social Capital

A

The investment people make in their society in return for economic or collective rewards. Social networks are among the most powerful.

128
Q

Meritocracy

A

A society in which advancement up the social ladder is based on intellectual talent and achievement.

129
Q

Social Mobility

A

The ability of individuals to move from one social standing to another. Social standing is based on degrees of wealth, prestige, education and power.

130
Q

Social Reproduction

A

transmission of social inequality from one generation to the next

131
Q

Absolute Poverty

A

A lack of essential resources (food, shelter, clothing, hygiene).

132
Q

Relative Poverty

A

Social inequality in which people are relatively poor compared to other members of the society in which they live.

133
Q

Strain Theory

A

Merton’s theory that deviance occurs when a society does not give all its members equal ability to achieve socially acceptable goals

134
Q

Cultural Capital

A

the benefits one receives from knowledge, abilities, and skills

135
Q

Social Exclusion

A

Arises from a sense of powerlessness when poor individuals feel alienated from society.

136
Q

Spatial Inequality

A

Social stratification across territories and their populations.

the unequal distribution of wealth or resources in a geographic area, so that some places are richer than others

unequal access to resources and variable quality of life within a population or geographical distribution

137
Q

Environmental Injustice

A

unequal distribution of environmental hazards in communities

138
Q

Incidence

A

The number of new cases of a disease per population at risk in a given period of time; usually, new cases per 1000 at-risk people per year.

139
Q

Second Sickness

A

exacerbation of health outcomes caused by social injustice

MCAT Psychology (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions