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MCAT Psychology > Sleep, Arousal, Alertness > Flashcards

Sleep, Arousal, Alertness Flashcards

(48 cards)

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1
Q

Alertness

A

is the state of being awake and able to think , perceive, process, and express information. Beta and alpha waves predominate on EEG

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2
Q

Theta Waves Occur

A

During Stage 1 and 2 of sleep

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3
Q

Most Sleep Disorders Occur

A

During NREM Sleep

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4
Q

Dreaming in NREM Sleep focuses on

A

consolidating declarative memories

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5
Q

The Sleep Cycle is

A

Approximately 90 minutes long in adults and is stage 1-2-3-4-3-2-REM or just 1-2-3-4-REM with REM occurring more frequently as morning approaches

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6
Q

Sleep-Wake Hormonal Cycle

A

Changes in light in the evening trigger the release of melatonin by the pineal gland resulting in sleepiness. Cortisol levels increase in the early morning and help promote wakefulness.

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7
Q

Dyssominas

A

A category of sleep disorders involving difficulties initiating or maintaining sleep. Such disorders are often characterized by problems with quantity and quality of sleep. They include insomnia, narcolepsy, sleep apnea, and sleep deprivation

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8
Q

Parasomnias

A

abnormal movements or behaviors during sleep: night terrors & sleepwalking

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9
Q

Types of Conscious Altering Drugs

A
  1. Depressant 2. Stimulants 3. Hallucinogens 4. Sedatives 5. Analgesics - Opiates a type of analgesic that can cause death due to respiratory depression
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10
Q

Depressants

A

they promote or mimic GABA activity in the brain (inhibitory)

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11
Q

Stimulants

A

They increase, dopamine, NE, and serotonin a the synaptic cleft

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12
Q

Drug Addiction

A

Is mediated by the mesolimbic pathway which includes the nucleus accumbens, medial forebrain bundle, and VTA. Dopamine is the main NTS in this pathway

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13
Q

Selective Attention

A

allows one to pay attn to a particular stimulus while determining if additional stimuli in the background require attn

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14
Q

Divided Attention

A

uses automatic processing to pay attn to multiple activities at one time

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15
Q

Language

A

consists of phonology, morphology, semantics, syntax, and pragmatics

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16
Q

The Nativist (Biological) Theory of Language Development

A

explains language acquisition as being innate and controlled by the language acquisition device

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17
Q

The Learning (Behaviorist) Theory of Language Development

A

Explains language acquisition as being controlled by operant conditioning and reinforcement by parents and caregivers

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18
Q

The Social interactionist Theory of Language Development

A

explains language acquisition as being caused by a motivation to communicate and interact with others

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19
Q

The Whorfian (linguist relativity) Hypothesis of Language Development

A

states that the lens through which we view and interpret the world is created by language

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20
Q

Speech areas in the brain are found in the

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A

Dominant hemisphere (usually the left)

21
Q

Broca’s area

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A

Controls the motor function of speech

22
Q

Broca’s Aphasia

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A
  • Have difficulty saying a word but comprehension remains intact. - A confluent aphasia in which generating each word is difficult
23
Q

Wernicke’s Area

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A

Controls language comprehension

24
Q

Wernicke’s Aphasia

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A
  • They can say the word but often do not know the meaning - A fluent nonsensical aphasia with lack of comprehension
25
The Arcuate Fasiculus
connects Wernicke's and Broca's areas
26
Conduction Aphasia
- Caused by damage to the arcuate fasiculus - marked by the inability to repeat words despite intact speech generation and comprehension`
27
Motivation
is the purpose or driving force behind our actions
28
The Primary Factors that Influence Motivation Are
1. instincts 2. arousal 3. drives 4. needs
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Instincts
are innate, fixed behaviors in response to a stimuli
30
Instinct Theory of Motivation
People perform certain behaviors because of evolutionarily programmed instincts
31
Arousal Theory
People perform actions to maintain arousal at an optimal level.
32
The Yerkes-Dodson Law
shows the performance is optimal at a medium level of arousal
33
Arousal
The state of being awake and reactive to stimuli
34
Drives
are internal states of tension that beget particular behaviors focused on goals.
35
Primary Drives
Related to bodily processes
36
Secondary Drives
Stem from learning and include accomplishments and emotions
37
Drive Reduction Theory
states that motivation arises from the desire to eliminate drives which create uncomfortable internal states
38
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
prioritizes needs into five categories 1. physiological needs (highest priority) 2. safety and security 3. love and belonging 4. self esteem 5. self actualization (lowest priority)
39
Self Determination Theory
emphasizes the role of three universal needs 1. autonomy 2. competence 3. relatedness
40
Incentive Theory
explains motivation as the desire to pursue rewards and avoid punishment
41
Expectancy-Value Theory
states tat the amount of motivation for a task is based on the individual's expectation of success and the amount that success is valued
42
Opponent Process Theory
1. explains motivation for drug use: as drug use increases the body counteracts its effects leading to tolerance and uncomfortable withdrawal symptoms. 2. every process that has an affective balance, (i.e. is pleasant or unpleasant), is followed by a secondary, "opponent process". This opponent process sets in after the primary process is quieted. With repeated exposure, the primary process becomes weaker while the opponent process is strengthened.
43
There are three components of emotion
1. cognitive (subjective) 2. Behavioral (facial expressions and body language) 3. Physiological (changes in the autonomic nervous system
44
The Limbic System and Emotion
The primary NS component involved in experiencing emotion 1. the hypothalamus releases NTS that affect mood and arousal 2. the ventral prefrontal cortex is critical for experiencing emotion 3. the ventomedial prefrontal cortex is involved in controlling emotional responses from the amygdala and decision making 4. the amygdala is involved with fear and attention, helps interpret facial expressions and is part of the intrinsic memory system for emotional memory.
45
Stress
the physiological and cognitive response to challenges or life changes
46
Stress Appraisal
Primary Appraisal: classifying a potential stressor as irrelevant, benign/positive, or stressful Secondary Appraisal: is directed at evaluating if the organism can cope with the stress based on harm, threat and challenge.
47
General Adaptation Syndrome
Three Stages: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion
48
Theories of Emotions

MCAT Psychology (6 decks)

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