Sleep, Arousal, Alertness

Question 1

Alertness

Answer 1

is the state of being awake and able to think , perceive, process, and express information. Beta and alpha waves predominate on EEG

Question 2

Theta Waves Occur

Answer 2

During Stage 1 and 2 of sleep

Question 3

Most Sleep Disorders Occur

Answer 3

During NREM Sleep

Question 4

Dreaming in NREM Sleep focuses on

Answer 4

consolidating declarative memories

Question 5

The Sleep Cycle is

Answer 5

Approximately 90 minutes long in adults and is stage 1-2-3-4-3-2-REM or just 1-2-3-4-REM with REM occurring more frequently as morning approaches

Question 6

Sleep-Wake Hormonal Cycle

Answer 6

Changes in light in the evening trigger the release of melatonin by the pineal gland resulting in sleepiness. Cortisol levels increase in the early morning and help promote wakefulness.

Question 7

Dyssominas

Answer 7

A category of sleep disorders involving difficulties initiating or maintaining sleep. Such disorders are often characterized by problems with quantity and quality of sleep. They include insomnia, narcolepsy, sleep apnea, and sleep deprivation

Question 8

Parasomnias

Answer 8

abnormal movements or behaviors during sleep: night terrors & sleepwalking

Question 9

Types of Conscious Altering Drugs

Answer 9

1. Depressant 2. Stimulants 3. Hallucinogens 4. Sedatives 5. Analgesics - Opiates a type of analgesic that can cause death due to respiratory depression

Question 10

Depressants

Answer 10

they promote or mimic GABA activity in the brain (inhibitory)

Question 11

Stimulants

Answer 11

They increase, dopamine, NE, and serotonin a the synaptic cleft

Question 12

Drug Addiction

Answer 12

Is mediated by the mesolimbic pathway which includes the nucleus accumbens, medial forebrain bundle, and VTA. Dopamine is the main NTS in this pathway

Question 13

Selective Attention

Answer 13

allows one to pay attn to a particular stimulus while determining if additional stimuli in the background require attn

Question 14

Divided Attention

Answer 14

uses automatic processing to pay attn to multiple activities at one time

Question 15

Language

Answer 15

consists of phonology, morphology, semantics, syntax, and pragmatics

Question 16

The Nativist (Biological) Theory of Language Development

Answer 16

explains language acquisition as being innate and controlled by the language acquisition device

Question 17

The Learning (Behaviorist) Theory of Language Development

Answer 17

Explains language acquisition as being controlled by operant conditioning and reinforcement by parents and caregivers

Question 18

The Social interactionist Theory of Language Development

Answer 18

explains language acquisition as being caused by a motivation to communicate and interact with others

Question 19

The Whorfian (linguist relativity) Hypothesis of Language Development

Answer 19

states that the lens through which we view and interpret the world is created by language

Question 20

Speech areas in the brain are found in the

Answer 20

Dominant hemisphere (usually the left)

Question 21

Broca’s area

Answer 21

Controls the motor function of speech

Question 22

Broca’s Aphasia

Answer 22

• Have difficulty saying a word but comprehension remains intact. - A confluent aphasia in which generating each word is difficult

Question 23

Wernicke’s Area

Answer 23

Controls language comprehension

Question 24

Wernicke’s Aphasia

Answer 24

• They can say the word but often do not know the meaning - A fluent nonsensical aphasia with lack of comprehension

Question 25

The Arcuate Fasiculus

Answer 25

connects Wernicke’s and Broca’s areas

Question 26

Conduction Aphasia

Answer 26

• Caused by damage to the arcuate fasiculus - marked by the inability to repeat words despite intact speech generation and comprehension`

Question 27

Motivation

Answer 27

is the purpose or driving force behind our actions

Question 28

The Primary Factors that Influence Motivation Are

Answer 28

1. instincts 2. arousal 3. drives 4. needs

Question 29

Instincts

Answer 29

are innate, fixed behaviors in response to a stimuli

Question 30

Instinct Theory of Motivation

Answer 30

People perform certain behaviors because of evolutionarily programmed instincts

Question 31

Arousal Theory

Answer 31

People perform actions to maintain arousal at an optimal level.

Question 32

The Yerkes-Dodson Law

Answer 32

shows the performance is optimal at a medium level of arousal

Question 33

Arousal

Answer 33

The state of being awake and reactive to stimuli

Question 34

Drives

Answer 34

are internal states of tension that beget particular behaviors focused on goals.

Question 35

Primary Drives

Answer 35

Related to bodily processes

Question 36

Secondary Drives

Answer 36

Stem from learning and include accomplishments and emotions

Question 37

Drive Reduction Theory

Answer 37

states that motivation arises from the desire to eliminate drives which create uncomfortable internal states

Question 38

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Answer 38

prioritizes needs into five categories 1. physiological needs (highest priority) 2. safety and security 3. love and belonging 4. self esteem 5. self actualization (lowest priority)

Question 39

Self Determination Theory

Answer 39

emphasizes the role of three universal needs 1. autonomy 2. competence 3. relatedness

Question 40

Incentive Theory

Answer 40

explains motivation as the desire to pursue rewards and avoid punishment

Question 41

Expectancy-Value Theory

Answer 41

states tat the amount of motivation for a task is based on the individual’s expectation of success and the amount that success is valued

Question 42

Opponent Process Theory

Answer 42

1. explains motivation for drug use: as drug use increases the body counteracts its effects leading to tolerance and uncomfortable withdrawal symptoms. 2. every process that has an affective balance, (i.e. is pleasant or unpleasant), is followed by a secondary, “opponent process”. This opponent process sets in after the primary process is quieted. With repeated exposure, the primary process becomes weaker while the opponent process is strengthened.

Question 43

There are three components of emotion

Answer 43

1. cognitive (subjective) 2. Behavioral (facial expressions and body language) 3. Physiological (changes in the autonomic nervous system

Question 44

The Limbic System and Emotion

Answer 44

The primary NS component involved in experiencing emotion 1. the hypothalamus releases NTS that affect mood and arousal 2. the ventral prefrontal cortex is critical for experiencing emotion 3. the ventomedial prefrontal cortex is involved in controlling emotional responses from the amygdala and decision making 4. the amygdala is involved with fear and attention, helps interpret facial expressions and is part of the intrinsic memory system for emotional memory.

Question 45

Stress

Answer 45

the physiological and cognitive response to challenges or life changes

Question 46

Stress Appraisal

Answer 46

Primary Appraisal: classifying a potential stressor as irrelevant, benign/positive, or stressful Secondary Appraisal: is directed at evaluating if the organism can cope with the stress based on harm, threat and challenge.

Question 47

General Adaptation Syndrome

Answer 47

Three Stages: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion

Question 48

Theories of Emotions

Answer 48