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MCAT Psychology > Identity and Personality > Flashcards

Identity and Personality Flashcards

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1
Q

Self Concept

A

is the sum of the ways in which we describe ourselves; in the present, who we used to be and who we will be in the future

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2
Q

Identity

A

the individual components of self concept related to the groups to which we belong

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3
Q

Self Esteem

A

describes our evaluation of ourselves. Generally, the closer our actual self is to our ideal self (who we want to be) and our ought self (who others want us to be) the higher our self esteem will be.

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4
Q

Self Efficacy

A

Refers to one’s belief about one’s ability to perform behaviors that should lead to expected outcomes. those with high levels for a particular task are more likely to succeed than those with low levels

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5
Q

Learned Helplessness

A

The hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events.

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6
Q

Locus of Control

A

A person’s belief about the extent to which internal or external factors play a role in shaping his or her life.

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7
Q

Freud’s Psychosexual Stages of Personality Development are Based on

A

the tensions caused by libido. Failure at any given stage leads to fixation that causes personality disorders. Freud’s phases are based on erogenous zones that are the focus of each phase of development.

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8
Q

Eriksons’ Psychosocial Stages of Personality Development are Based on

A

conflicts that occur throughout life. These conflicts are the results of decisions we have to make about ourselves and the environment around us at each phase of our lives.

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9
Q

Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development Describe

A

the approaches of individuals to solving moral dilemmas.

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10
Q

Vygotsky

A

Described development of language, culture, and skill. He proposed the idea of the zone of proximal development, which describes those skills that a child has not yet mastered and require a more knowledgeable other to accomplish.

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11
Q

Reference Group

A

The group to which we compare ourselves.

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12
Q

The Psycholanalytic Perspective

A

views personality as resulting from unconscious urges and desires

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13
Q

The Psycholanalytic Theory

A
  1. Freud: the ego makes uses of defense mechanisms to reduce stress caused by the urges of the id and superego (motivated by sexual urges) 2. Jung: assumed a collective unconscious that links all humans together. He viewed personality as being influenced by archetypes. 3. Adler and Horney claim that the unconscious is motivated by social urges
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14
Q

The Humanistic Perspective

A

emphasized the internal feelings of healthy individuals as they strive towards happiness and self realization. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs and Roger’s therapeutic approach of unconditional positive regard flow from this theory.

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15
Q

Type and Trait Theorist

A

believe that personality can be described as a number of identifiable traits that carry characteristic behaviors.

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16
Q

Type Theories of personality Include

A
  1. the ancient Greek notion of humors 2. Sheldon’s Somatotypes (Type A or B) 3. Myer Briggs Inventor
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17
Q

Trait Theories of personality Include

A
  1. The Eysencks identified three major traits which could be used to describe all individuals: psychotism (nonconformity), extraversion, and neuroticism (arousal in stressful situations). 2. Big Five: Openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreebaleness, and neuroticism 3. McClelland identified the trait of the need for achievement 4. Allport identified three types of traits: cardinal (traits a person organizes their life around), central (represent major characteristics of the personality) and secondary (more personal characteristics limited in occurrence)
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18
Q

The Social Cognitive Perspective

A

holds that individuals interact with their environment in a cycle called reciprocal determinism. Meaning people mold their environments according to their personalities and those environments in turn shape our thoughts feelings an behaviors.

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19
Q

The Behaviorist Perspective

A

is based on the concept of operant conditioning and holds that personality can be described as the behaviors one has learned from prior rewards and punishments.

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20
Q

Biological Theorist Claim that Behavior

A

can be explained as a result of genetic expression

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21
Q

Schizophrenia

A

is the psychological disorder with psychosis as a feature. It Contains positive and negative symptoms. Positive Symptoms: add something to behavior, cognition or affect and include decisions, hallucination, and disorganized speech and behavior. Negative Symptoms: take something away from behavior, cognition or affect and include disturbance of affect and avolition.

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22
Q

Prodromal Phase

A

patient goes through phase characterized by poor adjustment, evidence of deterioration, social withdrawl, role functioning impairment, peculia behavior, inappropriate affect, unusual experiences before diagnosis of schizophrenia

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23
Q

Downward Drift Hypothesis of Schizophrenia

A

schizophrenia causes a decline in socioeconomic status leading to worsening symptoms, which sets up a negative spiral for the patient towards poverty and psychosis.

24
Q

Major Depressive Disorder

A

contains at least one major depressive episode

25
Q

Persistent Depressive Disorder

A

dysmithia for at least two years that does not meet criteria for major depressive disorder.

26
Q

Seasonal Affective Disorder

A

is the colloquial name for major depressive disorder with seasonal onset, with depression occurring during winter months.

27
Q

Bipolar and Related Disorders

A

have manic or hypomanic episodes

28
Q

Bipolar and Related Disorders

A

have manic or hypomanic episodes Bipolar: - Type I - contains at least one manic episode - Type II - contains at least one hypomanic episode and at least one major depressive episode. Cyclothymic: contains hypomanic episodes with dysthymia.

29
Q

Dysthmia

A

a depressive disorder where the symptoms are generally less severe than for major depressive disorder, but are present most days and persist for at least 2 years

30
Q

Anxiety Disorder

A

includes generalized anxiety disorder, specific phobias, social anxiety disorder, agoraphobia, and panic disorder.

31
Q

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

A

Characterized by excessive anxiety or worry about numerous things, lasting for 6 months or longer.

32
Q

Specific Phobias

A

any of the disorders characterized by extreme and irrational fear of a particular object or situation

33
Q

Social Anxiety Disorder

A

an anxiety disorder involving the extreme and irrational fear of being embarrassed, judged, or scrutinized by others in social situations

34
Q

Agoraphobia

A

A fear of places or situations where it is hard for a person to escape

35
Q

Panic Disorder

A

An anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations.

36
Q

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

A

An anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsession) and/ or actions (compulsions).

37
Q

Body Dysmorphic Disorder

A

is characterized by an unrealistic negative evaluation of one’s appearance or a specific body part. The individual often takes extreme measures to correct the perceived imperfections.

38
Q

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder

A

is characterized by intrusion, avoidance, arousal, and negative cognitive symptoms.

39
Q

Dissociative Amnesia

A

Dissociative disorder characterized by the sudden and extensive inability to recall important personal information, usually of a traumatic or stressful nature but there is no underlying neurological disorder. In severe forms it may lead to a dissociative fugue, a sudden change in location that may involve the assumption of a new identity.

40
Q

Dissociative Identity Disorder

A

A rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities. Also called multiple personality disorder.

41
Q

Depersonalization/Derelaization Disorder

A

involves feelings of detachment from the mind and body or from the environment. Type of dissociative disorder

42
Q

Somatoform Disorders

A

A class of psychological disorders involving physical ailments with no authentic organic basis that are due to psychological factors.

43
Q

Somatic Symptom Disorder

A

involves at least one somatic symptom, which may or may not be linked to an underlying medical condition that causes disproportionate concern

44
Q

Illness Anxiety Disorder

A

is a preoccupation with thoughts of coming down with a serious medical condition

45
Q

Conversion Disorder

A

Involves unexplained symptoms affecting motor or sensory function and is associated with prior trauma

46
Q

Personality Disorders

A

Are patterns of inflexible maladaptive behavior that cause distress or impaired functioning in at least two of the following: cognition, emotions, interpersonal functioning or impulse control. They occur in three clusters: A (odd, eccentric, weird), B (dramatic, emotional, erratic “wild”), C (anxious, fearful, worried)

47
Q

Cluster A Disorders

A

paranoid, schizotypal (ideas of magical thinking, reference, and eccentricity), and schizophoid (detachment from social relationships and limited emotion)

48
Q

Cluster B Disorders

A

Antisocial, Borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic

49
Q

Cluster C Disorders

A

avoidant, dependent, and obsessive - compulsive

50
Q

Biological Basis of Schizophrenia

A

may be associated with genetic factors, birth trauma, adolescent marijuana use, and family history. There are high levels of dopaminergic transmission

51
Q

Biological Basis of Depression

A

Accompanied by high levels of glucocorticoids and low levels of sere toning, NE and dopamine

52
Q

Biological Basis of Bipolar Disorders

A

high levels of NE and serotonin. They are highly heritable

53
Q

Alzheimer’s Disease

A

is associated with genetic factors, brain atrophy, decreases in acetylcholine, senile plaques of beta amyloid and neurofibrillary tangles of hyperphosphorylated tau proteins.

54
Q

Parkinsons Disease

A

is associated with bradykinesia, resting tremors, pill-rolling tremor, mask like facies, cogwheel rigidity, and a shuffling gait. There is a decreased production of dopamine by cells in the substantial nigra.

55
Q

Freud’s Stages of Psychosexual Development

A
56
Q

Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development

A
57
Q

Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development

A

MCAT Psychology (6 decks)

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