Identity and Personality Flashcards
Self Concept
is the sum of the ways in which we describe ourselves; in the present, who we used to be and who we will be in the future
Identity
the individual components of self concept related to the groups to which we belong
Self Esteem
describes our evaluation of ourselves. Generally, the closer our actual self is to our ideal self (who we want to be) and our ought self (who others want us to be) the higher our self esteem will be.
Self Efficacy
Refers to one’s belief about one’s ability to perform behaviors that should lead to expected outcomes. those with high levels for a particular task are more likely to succeed than those with low levels
Learned Helplessness
The hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events.
Locus of Control
A person’s belief about the extent to which internal or external factors play a role in shaping his or her life.
Freud’s Psychosexual Stages of Personality Development are Based on
the tensions caused by libido. Failure at any given stage leads to fixation that causes personality disorders. Freud’s phases are based on erogenous zones that are the focus of each phase of development.
Eriksons’ Psychosocial Stages of Personality Development are Based on
conflicts that occur throughout life. These conflicts are the results of decisions we have to make about ourselves and the environment around us at each phase of our lives.
Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development Describe
the approaches of individuals to solving moral dilemmas.
Vygotsky
Described development of language, culture, and skill. He proposed the idea of the zone of proximal development, which describes those skills that a child has not yet mastered and require a more knowledgeable other to accomplish.
Reference Group
The group to which we compare ourselves.
The Psycholanalytic Perspective
views personality as resulting from unconscious urges and desires
The Psycholanalytic Theory
- Freud: the ego makes uses of defense mechanisms to reduce stress caused by the urges of the id and superego (motivated by sexual urges) 2. Jung: assumed a collective unconscious that links all humans together. He viewed personality as being influenced by archetypes. 3. Adler and Horney claim that the unconscious is motivated by social urges
The Humanistic Perspective
emphasized the internal feelings of healthy individuals as they strive towards happiness and self realization. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs and Roger’s therapeutic approach of unconditional positive regard flow from this theory.
Type and Trait Theorist
believe that personality can be described as a number of identifiable traits that carry characteristic behaviors.
Type Theories of personality Include
- the ancient Greek notion of humors 2. Sheldon’s Somatotypes (Type A or B) 3. Myer Briggs Inventor
Trait Theories of personality Include
- The Eysencks identified three major traits which could be used to describe all individuals: psychotism (nonconformity), extraversion, and neuroticism (arousal in stressful situations). 2. Big Five: Openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreebaleness, and neuroticism 3. McClelland identified the trait of the need for achievement 4. Allport identified three types of traits: cardinal (traits a person organizes their life around), central (represent major characteristics of the personality) and secondary (more personal characteristics limited in occurrence)
The Social Cognitive Perspective
holds that individuals interact with their environment in a cycle called reciprocal determinism. Meaning people mold their environments according to their personalities and those environments in turn shape our thoughts feelings an behaviors.
The Behaviorist Perspective
is based on the concept of operant conditioning and holds that personality can be described as the behaviors one has learned from prior rewards and punishments.
Biological Theorist Claim that Behavior
can be explained as a result of genetic expression
Schizophrenia
is the psychological disorder with psychosis as a feature. It Contains positive and negative symptoms. Positive Symptoms: add something to behavior, cognition or affect and include decisions, hallucination, and disorganized speech and behavior. Negative Symptoms: take something away from behavior, cognition or affect and include disturbance of affect and avolition.
Prodromal Phase
patient goes through phase characterized by poor adjustment, evidence of deterioration, social withdrawl, role functioning impairment, peculia behavior, inappropriate affect, unusual experiences before diagnosis of schizophrenia
Downward Drift Hypothesis of Schizophrenia
schizophrenia causes a decline in socioeconomic status leading to worsening symptoms, which sets up a negative spiral for the patient towards poverty and psychosis.
Major Depressive Disorder
contains at least one major depressive episode
Persistent Depressive Disorder
dysmithia for at least two years that does not meet criteria for major depressive disorder.
Seasonal Affective Disorder
is the colloquial name for major depressive disorder with seasonal onset, with depression occurring during winter months.
Bipolar and Related Disorders
have manic or hypomanic episodes
Bipolar and Related Disorders
have manic or hypomanic episodes Bipolar: - Type I - contains at least one manic episode - Type II - contains at least one hypomanic episode and at least one major depressive episode. Cyclothymic: contains hypomanic episodes with dysthymia.
Dysthmia
a depressive disorder where the symptoms are generally less severe than for major depressive disorder, but are present most days and persist for at least 2 years
Anxiety Disorder
includes generalized anxiety disorder, specific phobias, social anxiety disorder, agoraphobia, and panic disorder.
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Characterized by excessive anxiety or worry about numerous things, lasting for 6 months or longer.
Specific Phobias
any of the disorders characterized by extreme and irrational fear of a particular object or situation
Social Anxiety Disorder
an anxiety disorder involving the extreme and irrational fear of being embarrassed, judged, or scrutinized by others in social situations
Agoraphobia
A fear of places or situations where it is hard for a person to escape
Panic Disorder
An anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations.
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
An anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsession) and/ or actions (compulsions).
Body Dysmorphic Disorder
is characterized by an unrealistic negative evaluation of one’s appearance or a specific body part. The individual often takes extreme measures to correct the perceived imperfections.
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
is characterized by intrusion, avoidance, arousal, and negative cognitive symptoms.
Dissociative Amnesia
Dissociative disorder characterized by the sudden and extensive inability to recall important personal information, usually of a traumatic or stressful nature but there is no underlying neurological disorder. In severe forms it may lead to a dissociative fugue, a sudden change in location that may involve the assumption of a new identity.
Dissociative Identity Disorder
A rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities. Also called multiple personality disorder.
Depersonalization/Derelaization Disorder
involves feelings of detachment from the mind and body or from the environment. Type of dissociative disorder
Somatoform Disorders
A class of psychological disorders involving physical ailments with no authentic organic basis that are due to psychological factors.
Somatic Symptom Disorder
involves at least one somatic symptom, which may or may not be linked to an underlying medical condition that causes disproportionate concern
Illness Anxiety Disorder
is a preoccupation with thoughts of coming down with a serious medical condition
Conversion Disorder
Involves unexplained symptoms affecting motor or sensory function and is associated with prior trauma
Personality Disorders
Are patterns of inflexible maladaptive behavior that cause distress or impaired functioning in at least two of the following: cognition, emotions, interpersonal functioning or impulse control. They occur in three clusters: A (odd, eccentric, weird), B (dramatic, emotional, erratic “wild”), C (anxious, fearful, worried)
Cluster A Disorders
paranoid, schizotypal (ideas of magical thinking, reference, and eccentricity), and schizophoid (detachment from social relationships and limited emotion)
Cluster B Disorders
Antisocial, Borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic
Cluster C Disorders
avoidant, dependent, and obsessive - compulsive
Biological Basis of Schizophrenia
may be associated with genetic factors, birth trauma, adolescent marijuana use, and family history. There are high levels of dopaminergic transmission
Biological Basis of Depression
Accompanied by high levels of glucocorticoids and low levels of sere toning, NE and dopamine
Biological Basis of Bipolar Disorders
high levels of NE and serotonin. They are highly heritable
Alzheimer’s Disease
is associated with genetic factors, brain atrophy, decreases in acetylcholine, senile plaques of beta amyloid and neurofibrillary tangles of hyperphosphorylated tau proteins.
Parkinsons Disease
is associated with bradykinesia, resting tremors, pill-rolling tremor, mask like facies, cogwheel rigidity, and a shuffling gait. There is a decreased production of dopamine by cells in the substantial nigra.
Freud’s Stages of Psychosexual Development
Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development
Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development
