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MCAT Psychology > Sensation and Perception > Flashcards

Sensation and Perception Flashcards

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1
Q

Sensation

A

The conversion of Physical Stimuli into Neurological Signals

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2
Q

Perception

A

It is the Processing of Sensory Information to Make Sense of its Significance

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3
Q

Where are Sensory Stimuli Transmitted

A

To the projection areas in the brain which further analyze the sensory input

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4
Q

What is a Threshold

A

The minimum stimulus that causes a change in signal transduction

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5
Q

What is Weber’s Law

A

The JND for a stimulus is proportional to the magnitude of the stimulus and this proportion is constant over most of the range of possible stimuli

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6
Q

What is the Signal Detection Theory

A

The effects of non-sensory factors such as experiences, motives, and expectations on perception of stimuli

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7
Q

What is Response Bias

A

It is examined using signal detection theory with four possible outcomes, hit, misses, false alarms and correct negatives.

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8
Q

Adaptation

A

A decrease in response to a stimulus over time

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9
Q

What is the Visual Pathway

A

The retina to the optic nerves to the chiasm to the optic tracts to the LGN of the thalamus to the visual radiations to the visual cortex

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10
Q

What is the Purpose of the Cochlea

A

To detect sound

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11
Q

What is the Purpose of the Utricle and Saccule

A

To detect linear acceleration

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12
Q

What is the purpose of the semicircular canals

A

To detect rotational acceleration

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13
Q

What is the Auditory Pathway

A

Cochlea to Vestibulocochlear nerve to MGN of the the thalamus to the auditory cortex

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14
Q

Smell is

A

detection o volatile or aerosolized chemicals by olfactory chemoreceptors (olfactory nerves)

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15
Q

Taste is

A

detection of dissolved compounds by taste buds in papillae

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16
Q

Somatosensation

A

Four touch modalities (pressure vibration, pain, and temperature)

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17
Q

What is Kinesthetic or Proprioception Sense

A

The ability to tell where one’s body is in space

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18
Q

What is Bottom Up Processing

A

It is data driven processing which is recognition of objects by parallel processing and feature detection. It is slower than top down processing but less prone to mistakes

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19
Q

What is Top Down Processing

A

It is conceptually driven processing which is recognition of an object by memories and expectations with little attention to detail. It is faster than bottom up processing but more prone to mistakes.

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20
Q

Define Gestalt Principles

A

Ways that the brain can infer missing parts of an image when it is incomplete

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21
Q

What are Gestalts Laws

A
  1. The law of proximity - elements close to each other are perceived as a unit
  2. The law of similarity - objects that are similar appear to be grouped together
  3. The law of good continuation says that elements that appear to follow the same pathway tend to be grouped together
  4. Subjective of Contours - perception of non-existent edges and corners in figures based on surrounding visual cues
  5. The Law of closure says that when a space is enclosed by a group of lines it is perceived as a complete or closed line.
  6. The law of Pragnanz - perceptual organization will always be as regular, simple, and symmetric as possible.
22
Q

Sound Projects to the

A

Superior Olive

23
Q

Outer Ear

A

consists of the pinna (auricle), external auditory canal, and tympanic membrane

24
Q

Middle Ear

A

Eustachian tube

25
Q

Inner Ear

A

Contains the bony labyrinth (filled with perilymph), within which is the membranous labyrinth (filled with endolymph).

26
Q

The Membranous Labyrinth Consists of the

A

cochlea, utricle and saccule, and the semicircular canals

27
Q

Ganglia

A

are collections of cell bodies outside the central nervous system

28
Q

Absolute Threshold

A

The absolute threshold is the minimum of stimulus energy that is needed to activate a sensory system

29
Q

The Threshold of Conscious Perception

A

is the minimum of stimulus energy needed that will create a signal large enough in size and long enough in duration to be brought into awareness.

30
Q

The Difference Threshold (JND)

A

the minimum difference in magnitude between two stimuli before one can perceive this difference.

31
Q

The Cornea

A

gathers and filters incoming light

32
Q

The Iris

A

Divides the front of the eye into the anterior and posterior chamber. It contains two muscles the dilator and constrictor papillae which open and close the pupil.

33
Q

The lens

A

refracts incoming light to focus it on the retina and is held in place by suspensory ligaments connected to the ciliary muscle.

34
Q

The ciliary body

A

produces aqueous humor which drains through the canal of shclemm

35
Q

The retina

A

contains rods and cones

36
Q

Rods

A

Detect light and Dark

37
Q

Cones

A

Detect color and come in three forms based on wavelength (short, medium, and long)

38
Q

Macula

A

A part of the retina that mostly contains cones

39
Q

Fovea

A

The center of the macula which contains only cones.

40
Q

Rods and Cones

A

Synapse on bipolar cells which synapses on ganglion cells.

41
Q

Amacrine and Horizontal Cells

A

integrate signals from the ganglion cells they also sharpen edges.

42
Q

The bulk of the eye is

A

Supported by the vitreous on the inside and the sclera and choroid on the outside.

43
Q

All Senses Occur Through

A

Parallel Processing

44
Q

Parallel Processing

A

The ability to simultaneously analyze and combine information regarding color shape and motion.

45
Q

Parovocellular Cells

A

Detect shape with high spatial resolution and low temporal resolution

46
Q

Magnocellular Cells

A

Detect Motion with low spatial resolution and high temporal resolution.

47
Q

The Optic Chiasm

A

contains fibers crossing from the nasal side of the retina (temporal visual fields) of both eyes

48
Q

The visual radiations

A

run through the temporal and parietal lobes

49
Q

Habituation

A

is the process of becoming used to a stimulus

50
Q

Dishabituation (Resensitization)

A

A sudden increase in a response to a stimulus, usually due to a change in the stimulus or addition of another stimulus.

can occur when a second stimulus intervenes, causing a resensitization to the original stimulus.

MCAT Psychology (6 decks)

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