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MCAT Psychology > Learning > Flashcards

Learning Flashcards

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1
Q

Associative Learning

A

is a way of pairing together stimuli and responses or behaviors and consequences.

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2
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

An unconditioned stimulus that produces an instinctive unconditioned response is paired with a neutral stimulus. With repetition the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus that produces a conditioned response

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3
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

behavior is changed through the use of consequences

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4
Q

Operant Confitioning Chart

A
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5
Q

Reinforcement Schedule

A

The schedule of reinforcement affects the rate at which the behavior is performed. Schedules cam be based either on a ratio of behavior to reward or on the amount of time, and can be either fixed or variable.

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6
Q

Behaviors learned through variable ratio schedules are

A

the hardest to extinguish

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7
Q

Reinfrocement Schedule

A
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8
Q

Reinforcement Graph

A
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9
Q

Acquisition

A

In classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response.

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10
Q

Extinction

A

Disappearance of the conditioned response.

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11
Q

Spontaneous Recovery

A

the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response

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12
Q

Generalization

A

The tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses.

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13
Q

Avoidance Conditioning

A

Learning in which the learned behavior allows the subject to avoid the stimulus altogether by employing a specific response.

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14
Q

Escape Learning

A

Through operant conditioning, this is the process of learning to engage in a particular behavior in order to get away from a negative or aversive stimulus

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15
Q

Memory

A

The persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information.

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16
Q

Encoding

A

is the process of putting new information into memory. It can be automatic or effortful. Semantic encoding is stronger than both acoustic and visual encoding

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17
Q

Automatic Processing

A

unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings

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18
Q

Effortful Processing

A

encoding that requires attention and conscious effort

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19
Q

Self Reference Effect

A

tendency to better remember things related to ourselves

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20
Q

Maintenance Rehearsal

A

A system for remembering involving repeating information to oneself without attempting to find meaning in it

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21
Q

Elaborative Rehearsal

A

rehearsal involving repletion and analysis, in which a stimulus may be associated with (linked to) other information and further processed

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22
Q

Retrieval

A

the process of getting information out of memory storage

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23
Q

Spacing Effect

A

the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice

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24
Q

Spreading Activation

A

one node of semantic network activated, the other linked concepts around it are also unconsciously activated

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25
Q

Priming

A

The activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one’s perception, memory, or response.

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26
Q

Retrieval Cues

A

Environmental stimuli or pieces of information that are associated in some way with the memory being sought.

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27
Q

Context Effect

A

A retrieval cue by which memory is aided when a person is in the location where encoding took place.

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28
Q

State Dependent Memory

A

The theory that information learned in a particular state of mind (e.g., depressed, happy, somber) is more easily recalled when in that same state of mind.

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29
Q

Serial Position Effect

A

our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list

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30
Q

The Tendency to remember early and late items is known as the

A

primacy and recency effect respectively

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31
Q

Agnosia

A

is the loss of the ability to recognize objects, people, or sounds. It is usually only one of the three and usually caused by damage to the brain.

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32
Q

Amnesia

A

loss of memory

33
Q

Retrograde Amnesia

A

An inability to retrieve information from one’s past.

34
Q

Anterograde Amnesia

A

an inability to form new memories

35
Q

Confabulation

A

process of creating vivid but fabricated memories

36
Q

Interference

A

Blockage of a memory by previous or subsequent memories.

37
Q

Proactive Interference

A

Previously held knowledge prevents successful retrieval of more newly learned information.

38
Q

Retroactive Interference

A

the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information
Newly learned material prevents successful retrieval of older memories.

39
Q

Prospective Memory

A

remembering to do something in the future

40
Q

Sensory and Short Term Memory

A

are transient and are based on NTS activity.

41
Q

Misinformation Effect

A

incorporating misleading information into one’s memory of an event

42
Q

Source Monitoring Error

A

a specific type of error of recollection where a memory is incorrectly attributed to the wrong source. It involves confusion between semantic and episodic memory

43
Q

7 +/- 2 Rule

A

Short term memory can hold 7 +/- 2 pieces of information

44
Q

Working Memory

A

requires short term memory, attention and executive function to manipulate information

45
Q

Long Term Memory

A

requires elaborative rehearsal and is the result of increased neuronal connectivity (it can be explicit or implicit)

46
Q

Explicit (declarative) Memory

A

stores facts and stories

47
Q

Implicit (non-declarative) memory

A

stores skills and conditioning effects

48
Q

Facts are stored via

A

Semantic Networks

49
Q

Recognition of Information is Stronger than

A

Recall

50
Q

Recall

A

A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test.

51
Q

Recognition

A

a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test

52
Q

Retrieval of Information is

A

Often based on priming of interconnected nodes of the semantic networks.

53
Q

Memories can be lost through

A
  1. disorders (Alzheimer’s disease, and Korsakoff’s Syndrome)
  2. agnosia
  3. decay
  4. interference
54
Q

Long Term Potentiation

A

is responsible for the conversion of short term to long term memory, it is the strengthening of neuronal connections resulting from increased neurotransmitter release and adding of receptor sites.

55
Q

Mental Set

A

a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past

56
Q

Functional Fixedness

A

The tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving.

57
Q

Inductive Reasoning

A

A type of logic in which generalizations are based on a large number of specific observations.

58
Q

Deductive Reasoning

A

reasoning in which a conclusion is reached by stating a general principle and then applying that principle to a specific case (The sun rises every morning; therefore, the sun will rise on Tuesday morning.)

59
Q

Fluid Intelligence

A

problem solving skills

60
Q

Crystalized Intelligence

A

use of learned skills and knowledge

61
Q

Heuristics

A

Sets of strategies, rather than strict rules, that act as guidelines for discovery-oriented problem solving.

Rules of Thumb

62
Q

Representative Heuristic

A

judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead one to ignore other relevent information

63
Q

Base Rate Fallacy

A

using prototypical or stereotypical factors while ignoring actual numerical information

64
Q

Disconfirmation Principle

A

Idea that states that if evidence obtained during testing does not confirm a hypothesis, then the hypothesis is discarded or revised.

65
Q

Confirmation Bias

A

a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence

66
Q

Belief Persistence

A

in decision making, the tendency to cling to initial beliefs when confronted with disconfirming evidence

67
Q

Overconfidence

A

The tendency to be more confident than correct–to overestimate the accuracy of one’s beliefs and judgments.

68
Q

Intuition

A

an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning

69
Q

Recognition Primed Model

A

In this model, the decision maker is assumed to generate a possible course of action, compare it to the constraints imposed by the situation, and select the first course of action that is not rejected.

70
Q

Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences

A

Prejudice or predisposition toward one side of a subject or issue.

71
Q

Adaption (Piaget)

A

Piaget theorized that new information is processed via adaptation

72
Q

Assimilation (Piaget)

A

is the process of classifying new information into existing schema

73
Q

Accommodation (Piaget)

A

is the process by which existing schemata are modified to encompass this new information.

74
Q

Circular Reactions

A

Primary: Set off by chance, like sucking one’s thumb. Secondary: 4-8 months, oriented to objects outside of one’s body like rattles. Tertiary: 18 months, goal directed behavior like dropping over the side of the crib.

75
Q

Symbolic Thinking

A

the use of words and numbers to stand for ideas

76
Q

Egocentrism

A

in Piaget’s theory, the preoperational child’s difficulty taking another’s point of view

77
Q

Centration

A

in Piaget’s theory, the tendency of a young child to focus only on one feature of an object while ignoring other relevant features

78
Q

Availability Heuristics

A

Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind, we presume such events are common

79
Q

Piaget’s Theory of

A

MCAT Psychology (6 decks)

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