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MCAT Psychology > Social Thinking > Flashcards

Social Thinking Flashcards

1
Q

Interpersonal attraction

A

The phenomenon of individuals liking each other

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2
Q

Self-disclosure

A

Sharing one’s fears, thoughts, and goals with another person and being met with non-judgmental empathy.

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3
Q

Reciprocal liking

A

The phenomenon whereby people like others better when they believe the other person likes them

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4
Q

Proximity

A

Being physically close to someone. Plays a factor in our attraction to him or her

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5
Q

Mere exposure aka familiarity effect

A

Says that people prefer stimuli that they have been exposed to more frequently

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6
Q

Cognitive neoassociation model

A

Proposes that we are more likely to respond to others aggressively whenever we are feeling negative emotions, such has being tired, sick, frustrated, or in pain

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7
Q

Secure attachment

A

When a child has a consistent caregiver and is able to go out and explore, knowing that he or she has a secure base to return to

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8
Q

Avoidant attachment

A

Results when the caregiver has little to no response to a distressed child. The child shows no preference between a stranger and a caregiver

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9
Q

Ambivalent attachment

A

Occurs when a caregiver has an inconsistent response to a child’s distress, sometimes responding appropriately, sometimes neglectfully. The child will be very distressed upon separation from the caregiver, but have a mixed response when the caregiver returns

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10
Q

Anxious-ambivalent attachment

A

Another name for ambivalent attachment. Based on the idea that the child is always anxious about the reliability of the caregiver.

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11
Q

Disorganized attachment

A

When children show no clear pattern of behavior in response to the caregiver’s absence or presence, but instead can show a mix of different behaviors. Red flag for abuse.

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12
Q

Social support

A

The perception of reality that one is cared for by a social network.

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13
Q

Emotional support

A

A type of social support. Listening, affirming, and empathizing with someone’s feelings

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14
Q

Esteem support

A

A type of social support. Affirming the qualities and skills of a person. Reminding a person of the skills they possess can bolster their confidence

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15
Q

Material support

A

A type of social support. Any type of financial or material contribution to another.

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16
Q

Informational support

A

A kind of social support. Providing information that will help someone

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17
Q

Network support

A

A type of social support that gives a person a sense of belonging

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18
Q

Foraging

A

Seeking out and eating food. Driven by biological, psychological, and social influences

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19
Q

Mating system

A

Describes the organization of a group’s sexual behavior

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20
Q

Monogamy

A

Refers to an exclusive mating relationship

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21
Q

Polygyny

A

Involves a male having exclusive relationships with multiple females

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22
Q

Polyandry

A

A female having exclusive relationships with multiple males

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23
Q

Promiscuity

A

Refers to a member of one sex mating with any member of the opposite sex without exclusivity

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24
Q

Mate choice or intersexual selection

A

The selection of a mate based on attraction

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25
Q

Mate bias

A

Refers to how choosy members of the species are while choosing a mate

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26
Q

Direct benefits of mate selection

A

Material advantages, protections, or emotional support

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27
Q

Indirect benefits of mate selection

A

Promoting better survival in offspring

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28
Q

Phenotypic benefit

A

One mechanism of mate choice. Observable traits that make a potential mate more attractive to the opposite sex. Usually indicate increased production and survival of offspring

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29
Q

Sensory bias

A

One mechanism of mate choice. The development of a trait to match a pre-existing preference that exists in the population. E.g. fiddler crabs are attracted to structures that break up the level of the horizon, so male crabs build pillars around their territory to attract mates

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30
Q

Fisherian aka runaway selection

A

One mechanism of mate choice. A positive feedback mechanism in which a particular trait that has no effect or a negative effect on survival becomes more and more exaggerated over time because the trait is deemed sexually desirable and thus is more likely to be passed on. E.g. peacock

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31
Q

Indicator traits

A

One mechanism of mate choice. Traits that signify overall good health and wellbeing of an organism, increasing its attractiveness to mates. May not be genetic in origin

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32
Q

Genetic compatibility

A

One mechanism of mate choice. The creation of mate pairs that, when combined, have complementary genetics

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33
Q

Altruism

A

The form of helping behavior in which the person’s intent is to benefit someone else at some cost to him or herself

34
Q

Empathy

A

The ability to vicariously experience the emotions of another, and is thought by some social psychologists to be a strong influence on helping people

35
Q

Empathy-altruism hypothesis

A

One explanation for the relationship between empathy and helping behavior. By this theory one individual helps another when he or she feels empathy for the other person, regardless of the cost.

36
Q

Game theory

A

Attempts to explain decision making behavior

37
Q

Evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS)

A

Adopted by a given population in a specific environment, natural selection will prevent alternative strategies from arising. The strategies are thus inherited traits passed along with the population, with the object of the game being becoming more fit than competitors.

38
Q

Altruism alternative for competitors

A

The donor provides a benefit to the recipient at a cost to him- or herself

39
Q

Cooperation alternative for competitors

A

Both the donor and the recipient benefit by cooperating

40
Q

Spite alternative for competitors

A

Both the donor and recipient are negatively impacted

41
Q

Selfishness alternative for competitors

A

The donor benefits while the recipient is negatively impacted

42
Q

Inclusive fitness

A

The measure of an organism’s success in supporting offspring, and the ability of the offspring to then support others. Supports the idea that altruistic behavior can support fitness and the success of a species as a whole

43
Q

Social perception aka social cognition

A

Provides the tools to make judgements and impressions regarding other people. Composed of the perceiver, the target, and the situation

44
Q

Perceiver

A

Component of social perception. Influenced by experience, motives, and emotional state.

45
Q

Target

A

Component of social perception. Refers to the person about which the perception is made

46
Q

Situation

A

Component of social perception. A given social context that can determine what information is available to the perceiver

47
Q

Primacy effect

A

The idea that first impressions are often more important than subsequent impressoins

48
Q

Reliance on central states

A

The idea that individuals tend to organize the perception of others based on traits and personal characteristics of the target that are most relevant to the perceiver.

49
Q

Implicit personality theory

A

States that there are sets of assumptions people make about how different types of people, their traits, and their behavior are related. This is the basis for placing people into categories

50
Q

Halo effect

A

A cognitive bias in which judgements about a specific aspect of an individual can be affected by one’s overall impression of the individual

51
Q

Just-world hypothesis

A

A cognitive bias during impression formation which based on the idea that in a so-called just-world good things happen to good people, and bad things happen to bad people

52
Q

Self-serving bias

A

Refers to the fact that individuals will view their own success based on internal factors, while viewing failures based on external factors

53
Q

Self-enhancement

A

Focuses on the need to maintain self-worth and can be done through internal attribution of successes and external attribution of failures

54
Q

Attribution theory

A

Focuses on the tendency for individuals to infer the causes of other people’s behavior

55
Q

Dispositional (internal) attributions

A

Attributions that relate to the person whose behavior is being considered, including his or her beliefs, attitudes, and personality characteristics

56
Q

Situational (external) attributions

A

Attribution that relate to features of the surroundings, such as threats, money, social norms, and peer pressure

57
Q

Behavioral cues

A

Cues used to understand behavior, include consistent, consensus, and distinctiveness

58
Q

Consistency cues

A

Refer to the consistent behavior of a person over time. The more regular the behavior, the more we associate that behavior with the motives of the person

59
Q

Consensus cues

A

Relate to the extent to which a person’s behavior differ from others. If a person deviates from socially expected behavior we are likely to form a dispositional attribution about the person’s behavior

60
Q

Distinctiveness cues

A

Refer to the extent to which a person engages in similar behavior across a series of scenarios. If a person’s behaviors vary in different scenarios we are more likely to form a situational attribution to explain it.

61
Q

Correspondent-interference theory

A

States that when an individual unexpectedly performs a behavior that helps or hurt us, we tend to explain the behavior by dispositional attribution

62
Q

Fundamental attribution error

A

Posits that we are generally biased toward making disposition attribution rather than situational attributions, especially in negative contexts

63
Q

Attribute substitution

A

Occurs when individuals make judgements that are complex but instead they substitute a simpler solution or apply a heuristic

64
Q

Stereotypes

A

Occur when attitudes and impressions are based on limited and superficial information about a person or a group of individuals

65
Q

Stereotype-content model

A

Attempts to classify stereotypes with respect to a hypothetical in-group using two dimensions: warmth and competence

66
Q

Warm groups

A

Those that are not in direct competition with the in-group for resources

67
Q

Competent groups

A

Groups that have high status within society

68
Q

Paternalistic stereotypes

A

Stereotypes in which the group is looked down upon as inferior, dismissed, or ignored. They have low competence but high warmth

69
Q

Contemptuous stereotypes

A

Stereotypes in which the group is viewed with resentment, annoyance, or anger. They have low competence and low warmth

70
Q

Envious stereotypes

A

Stereotypes in which the group is viewed with jealous, bitterness, or distrust. They have high competence, but low warmth

71
Q

Admiration stereotypes

A

Stereotypes in which the group is viewed with pride and other positive feelings. They are high in warmth and competence.

72
Q

Stereotype threat

A

The concept of people being concerned or anxious about confirming stereotype about one’s social group. This may hinder performance, potentially creating a self-fulfilling prophecy

73
Q

Prejudice

A

An irrational positive or negative attitude toward a person, group, or thing prior to an actual experience with that entitty

74
Q

Propaganda

A

A common way by which large organizations and political groups attempt to create prejudices in others

75
Q

Power

A

The ability of people or groups to achieve their goals despite any obstacles, and their ability to control resources. One factor that influences prejudice

76
Q

Prestige

A

The level of respect shown to a person by others. One factor that influences prejudice

77
Q

Class

A

SES. One factor that influences prejudice

78
Q

Ethnocentrism

A

The practice of making judgements about other cultures baed on the values and beliefs of one’s own culture, especially when it comes to language, customs, and religion

79
Q

Cultural relativism

A

The perception of another culture as different from one’s own but with the recognition that the cultural values, mores, and rules of a culture fit into that culture itself. While one group may follow a given set of rules (e.g. halal), that group does not perceive those rules as superior to those of other cultures-just different

80
Q

Discrimination

A

Occurs when prejudicial attitudes cause individuals of a particular group to be treated differently from others

81
Q

Individual discrimination

A

One person discriminating against a particular person or group

82
Q

Institutional discrimination

A

The discrimination against a particular person or group by an entire institution

MCAT Psychology (12 decks)

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