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MCAT Psychology > Social Structure and Demographics > Flashcards

Social Structure and Demographics Flashcards

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1
Q

Sociology

A

The study of society: how we create society, how we interact with it, how we define what is normal and abnormal in society

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2
Q

Macrosociology

A

Focuses on large groups and social structures

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3
Q

Microsociology

A

Focuses on small groups and the individual

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4
Q

Social structure

A

A system of people within a society organized by a characteristic pattern of relationships

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5
Q

Functionalism aka functional analysis

A

The study of the structure and function of each part of society

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6
Q

Function of society

A

The beneficial consequences of people’s actions. They help keep a society in balance

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7
Q

Dysfunctions of society

A

The harmful consequences of people’s actions as they undermine a social system’s equilibrium

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8
Q

Manifest function

A

A functioned intended to help a part of a system

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9
Q

Latent function

A

An unintended positive consequence of an action

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10
Q

Conflict theory

A

Based on Marx. Focuses on how power differential are created and how these differential contribute to the maintenance of social order

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11
Q

Symbolic interactionism

A

The study of the ways individuals interact trough a shared understanding of words, gestures, and other symbols. Symbols are the key to understanding how we view the world and communicate with one another

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12
Q

Symbols

A

Things we attach meaning to

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13
Q

Social constructionism

A

How individuals put together their social reality

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14
Q

Rational choice theory

A

Based on decision-making in an individual and attempted to reduce this process to a careful consideration of benefits and harms to the individual. A mental pros and cons list

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15
Q

Exchange theory

A

An extension of rational choice theory. While rational choice theory focuses on the individual, this theory is based on interactions in groups.

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16
Q

Feminist theory

A

Attempts to explain social inequalities that exist on the basis of gender. Focuses on the subordination of women through social structures and institutional discrimination

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17
Q

Gender roles

A

The behaviors that are expected of a given gender

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18
Q

Objectification

A

Being viewed as a sexual object

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19
Q

Glass ceiling

A

The phenomenon in which women are less frequently promoted in the workplace and may have more difficulty attaining top-level administrative positions within a company

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20
Q

Social institutions

A

Well established social structures that dictate certain patterns of behavior or relationships and are accepted as a fundamental part of the culture

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21
Q

Hidden curriculum

A

A side effect of education. A way of transmitting social norms, attitudes, and beliefs to students

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22
Q

Teacher expectancy

A

The idea that teacher tend to get what they expect from students

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23
Q

Religion

A

A pattern of social activities around a set of beliefs and practices that seek to address the meaning of existence

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24
Q

Beneficence

A

Norm of healthcare system. The physician has a responsibility to act in the patient’s best interest

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25
Q

Nonmaleficence

A

Norm of healthcare system. Do no harm.

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26
Q

Respect for patient autonomy

A

Norm of healthcare system. The physician has a responsibility to respect patients’ decisions and choices about their own healthcare

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27
Q

Justice

A

Norm of healthcare system. The physician has a responsibility to treat similar patients with similar care, and to distribute healthcare resources fairly

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28
Q

Ethnography

A

The study of culture and customs

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29
Q

Ethnographic methods

A

Experimental methods used to study the ethnicity or culture of a group

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30
Q

Artifacts

A

Material items that people make, possess, and value

31
Q

Material culture

A

Sociological exploration of the meaning of objects in a given society

32
Q

Symbolic culture aka nonmaterial culture

A

Focuses on the ideas that represent a group of people

33
Q

Cultural lag

A

The result of the fact that symbolic culture is slower to change than material culture

34
Q

Values

A

What a person deems important in life. Dictate one’s ethical principles and standards of behavior

35
Q

Belief

A

Something that an individual accepts to be true

36
Q

Cultural barriers

A

Situations in which a cultural difference impedes interaction with others

37
Q

Norms

A

Societal rules that define the boundaries of acceptable behavior

38
Q

Ritual

A

A formalized ceremony that usually involves specific material objects, symbolism, and additional mandates on acceptable behavior

39
Q

Demographics

A

The statistics of populations and are the mathematical applications of sociology

40
Q

Ageism

A

A prejudice of or discrimination on the basis of a person’s age

41
Q

Gender

A

A social construct that corresponds to the behavioral, cultural, or psychological traits typically associated with a biological sex

42
Q

Gender inequality

A

The intentional or unintentional empowerment of one gender to the determined of the other

43
Q

Gender segregation

A

The separation of individuals based on perceived difference

44
Q

Race

A

A social construct based on the phenotypic differences between groups of people

45
Q

Racialization

A

The definition or establishment of a group as a particular race

46
Q

Racial formation theory

A

Posits that racial identity is fluid and dependent on concurrent political, economic, and social factors

47
Q

Ethnicity

A

A social construct that sorts people by cultural factors, including language, nationality, religion, and other factors

48
Q

Symbolic ethnicity

A

Describes a specific connection to one’s ethnicity in which ethnic symbols and identity remain important, even when ethnic identity does not play a significant role in every day life (e.g. Irish-Americans on St. Paddy’s day)

49
Q

Sexual orientation

A

Can be defined as the direction of one’s sexual interest toward members of the same, opposite, or both sexes. Generally divided into three categories: heterosexual, bisexual, and homosexual

50
Q

Intersectionality

A

The interplay between multiple demographic factors-especially when nit leads to discrimination or oppression

51
Q

Demographic shifts

A

Changes in the makeup of a population over time

52
Q

Population pyramids

A

Provide a histogram of the population size of various age cohorts

53
Q

Fertility rate

A

The average number of children born per woman during her lifetime in a population

54
Q

Mortality rate

A

The number of deaths in a population per unit time (Usually measured in deaths per 1000 people per year)

55
Q

Birth rate

A

The number of children born per 1000 people per year

56
Q

Migration rate

A

The immigration rate minus the emigration rate

57
Q

Immigration

A

The movement into a new geographic space

58
Q

Emigration

A

The movement away from a geographic space

59
Q

Pull factors

A

Positive attributes of a new location that attract an immigrant

60
Q

Push factors

A

Negative attributes of an old location that encourage the immigrant to leave

61
Q

Demographic transition

A

A specific example of demographic shift referring to changes in birth and death rates in a country as it develops from pre-industrial to industrial economic system

62
Q

Stage 1 Demographic transition

A

Pre-industrial society; birth and death rates are both high

63
Q

Stage 2 Demographic transition

A

Improvements in healthcare, nutrition, sanitation, and wages cause death rates to drop

64
Q

Stage 3 Demographic transition

A

Improvements in contraception, women’s rights, and a shift from an agricultural to and industrial economy cause birth rates to drop. Also, children must go to school for many years to be productive in society and may need to be supported by parents for a longer period of time than was formerly the case; families thus have fewer children

65
Q

Stage 4 Demographic transition

A

An industrialized society; birth and death rates are both low

66
Q

Malthusian Theory

A

Focuses on how exponential growth of a population can outpace growth of the food supply and lead to social degradation and disorder

67
Q

Social movements

A

Organized either to promote or resist social change

68
Q

Relative deprivation

A

Motivators of social movements. Consist of a decrease of resources, representation, or agent relative to the past or to the whole of society

69
Q

Proactive social movements

A

Social movements that promote social change

70
Q

Reactive social movements

A

Social movements that resist social change

71
Q

Globalization

A

The process of integrating the global economy with free trade dn the tapping of foreign markets

72
Q

Urbanization

A

Refers to dense areas of population creating a pull for migration. In other words, the process by which cities are formed as individuals move into and establish residency in these new urban centers.

73
Q

Ghettos

A

Areas where specific racial, ethnic, or religious minorities are concentrated, usually due to social or economic inequities

74
Q

Slums

A

Extremely densely populated area of a city with low quality housing and poor sanitation

MCAT Psychology (12 decks)

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