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MCAT Psychology > Social Processes, Attitudes, and Behavior > Flashcards

Social Processes, Attitudes, and Behavior Flashcards

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1
Q

Social action

A

Actions and behaviors that individuals are conscious of and performing because others are around

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2
Q

Social facilitation

A

The tendency of people to perform better on simple tasks when in the presence of others.

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3
Q

Yerkes-Dodson Law of Social Facilitation

A

States that being in the presence of others will significantly increase arousal, enhancing the ability to perform tasks one is already good at (simple tasks), and hinders the performance of less familiar tasks (complex tasks)

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4
Q

Deindividuation

A

A social phenomenon that takes place when individuals are in large group settings. Individual behavior can be dramatically different in social environments, due to a large group providing anonymity and causing a loss of individual identity.

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5
Q

Antinormative behavior

A

Behavior against the norm

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6
Q

Bystander effect

A

A phenomenon that occurs in social groups wherein individuals do not intervene to help victims when others are present

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7
Q

Social loafing

A

The tendency of individuals to put in less effort when in a group setting than when individually

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8
Q

Peer pressure

A

The social influence placed on an individual by a group of people or another individual

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9
Q

Peers

A

Individuals who are equal within a social group

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10
Q

Identity shift effect

A

When an individual’s state of harmony is disrupted by a threat of social rejection, the individual will often conform to the norms of the group. Mechanism of peer pressure. Cognitive dissonance.

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11
Q

Cognitive dissonance

A

The simultaneous presence of two opposing thoughts/opinions/behavior. Results in discomfort that is received by changing, adding to, or minimizing one of these dissonant thoughts.

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12
Q

Social interaction

A

Explores the ways in which two or more individuals can both shape each other’s behavior

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13
Q

Group polarization

A

Describes the tendency for groups to make decisions that are more extreme than the individual ideas and inclinations of the members within the group

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14
Q

Choice shift and polarization

A

Tendency for groups to make decisions that appear more extreme than the decisions group members would have made on their own. Polarization is the individual level, choice shift is the group

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15
Q

Groupthink

A

A social phenomenon in which desire for harmony or conformity results in a group of people coming to an incorrect or poor decision. Members begin to solely focus on ideas generated within the group.

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16
Q

Illusion of invulnerability

A

Creation of optimism and encouragement of risk-taking. Groupthink indicator

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17
Q

Collective rationalization

A

Ignoring warning against the ideas of the group. Groupthink indicator

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18
Q

Illusion of morality

A

The belief that the group’s decisions are morally correct. Groupthink indicator

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19
Q

Excessive stereotyping

A

The construction of stereotypes against outside opinions. Groupthink indicator

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20
Q

Pressure for conformity

A

The pressure put on anyone in the group who expresses opinions against the group, viewing opposition as disloyal. Groupthink indicator

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21
Q

Self-censorship

A

The withholding of opposing views. Groupthink indicator

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22
Q

Illusion of unanimity

A

The false sense of agreement within the group. Groupthink indicator

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23
Q

Mindguards

A

The appointment of members to the role of protecting against opposing views. Groupthink indicator

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24
Q

Fad

A

A behavior that is transiently viewed as popular and desirable by a large community. Example of groupthink

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25
Q

Mass hysteria

A

Refers to a shared, intense concern about the threats to society. Many features of groupthink-collective rationalization, illusions of morality, excessive stereotyping, and pressure for conformity in particular-lead to a shared delusion that is augmented by distrust, rumors, propaganda, and fear mongering

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26
Q

Culture

A

The beliefs, behaviors, actions, and characteristics of a group or society of people

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27
Q

Culture shock

A

When traveling outside one’s own society, and the cultural difference seems dramatic

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28
Q

Cultural assimilation

A

The process by which an individual group’s behavior and culture begin to resemble that of another group. Usually uneven merging of cultures into homogeneity; a melting pot

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29
Q

Ethnic enclaves

A

Locations (usually neighborhoods) with a high concentration of one ethnicity (e.g. Little Italy, Chinatown)

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30
Q

Multiculturalism

A

Refers to communities or societies containing multiple cultures. It encourages, respects, and celebrates cultural differences (Mosaic)

31
Q

Subcultures

A

Groups of people within a culture that distinguish themselves from the primary culture to which they belong

32
Q

Counterculture

A

The subculture group gravitates toward an identity at odds with majority culture and deliberately opposed to the prevailing social mores

33
Q

Socialization

A

The developing, inheriting, and spreading of norms, customs, and beliefs

34
Q

Cultural transmission/learning

A

The spread of norms, customs, and beliefs (especially new ones) throughout the culture

35
Q

Cultural diffusion

A

The spread of norms, customs, and beliefs (especially new ones) throughout the culture

36
Q

Primary socialization

A

In childhood when we initially learn acceptable actions and attitudes in our society, primarily through observation of our parents and other adults in close proximity

37
Q

Secondary socialization

A

The process of learning appropriate behavior within smaller sections of the larger society. Occurs outside the home and is based on learning the rules of specific social environments

38
Q

Anticipatory socialization

A

The process by which a person prepares for future changes in occupations, living situations, or relationships (e.g. a couple living together before marriage)

39
Q

Resocialization

A

A process by one discards old behaviors in favor of new ones to make a life change, and can have positive or negative connotations

40
Q

Norms

A

Social rules that define the boundaries of acceptable behavior

41
Q

Ciliary Body

A

Produces aqueous humor in the eye

42
Q

Social control

A

Regulation of the behavior of individuals and groups

43
Q

Sanctions

A

Penalties for misconduct or rewards for appropriate behavior. Can be formal or informal

44
Q

Taboo

A

Something that is socially unacceptable, disgusting, or reprehensible

45
Q

Folkways

A

Norms that refer to behavior that is considered polite, in particular social interactions, such as shaking hands after a sports match

46
Q

Deviance

A

Any violation of norms, rules, or expectations within a society

47
Q

Social stigma

A

The extreme disapproval or dislike of a person or group base don perceived differences from the rest of society

48
Q

Labeling theory

A

Posits that labels given to people affect not only how others respond to that person, but also the person’s self-image

49
Q

Differential association theory

A

Proposes that deviance an be learned through interactions with others

50
Q

Strain theory

A

Proposes that deviance is a normal reaction to the disconnect between social goals and social structure. Deviance may arise as a an attempt to achieve the social goal outside of the limiting social structure. Anomic conditions can lead to deviance.

51
Q

Conformity aka majority influence

A

Matching one’s attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors to societal norms

52
Q

Internalization

A

Changing one’s behavior to fit with a group while also privately agreeing with the ideas of the group (e.g. Zimbardo)

53
Q

Identification

A

The outward acceptance of others’ ideas without personally taking on these ideas

54
Q

Compliance

A

A change in behavior based on a direct request

55
Q

Foot-in-the-door technique

A

A small request is made, and after gaining compliance, a larger request is made

56
Q

Door-in-the-face technique

A

A large request is made at first and if, refused, a second, smaller request is made

57
Q

Lowball technique

A

When the requestor will get an initial commitment from an individual and then raise the cost of the commitment

58
Q

That’s-not-all technique

A

When an individual is made an offer, but before making a decision is told the deal is even better than she expected

59
Q

Obedience

A

Changing one’s behavior in response to a direct order from an authority figure

60
Q

Social cognition

A

Focuses on the ways in which people think about others and how these ideas impact behavior

61
Q

Attitude

A

The expression of positive or negative feelings toward a person, place, thing, or scenario

62
Q

Affective component of attitude

A

Refers to the way a person feels toward something, and is the emotion component of attitude

63
Q

Behavioral component of attitude

A

Refers to the way a person acts with respect to something

64
Q

Cognitive component of attitude

A

The way an individual thinks about something, usually justification for the other two parts of attitude

65
Q

Functional attitude theory

A

States that attitudes serve four functions: knowledge, ego expression, adaptation, and ego defense

66
Q

Knowledge function of attitude

A

Attitude helps to provide organization to thoughts and experiences, and knowing the attitudes of others helps to predict their behavior

67
Q

Ego expression function of attitude

A

Attitude allows us to communicate our self-identity

68
Q

Adaptive attitude function of attitude

A

The idea that one will be accepted if they express socially acceptable attitudes

69
Q

Ego defense function of attitude

A

Attitude protects one’s self esteem or justifies actions that we know are wrong (e.g. a kid who has trouble with math developing a negative attitude towards math)

70
Q

Learning theory of attitude

A

Posits that attitudes are developed through different forms of learning

71
Q

Elaboration likelihood model

A

Separates individuals on a continuum based on their processing of persuasive information with one end being central route processing and the other being peripheral route processing

72
Q

Central route processign

A

Describes people who elaborate extensively, think deeply about information, scrutinize meaning and purpose, and draw conclusions or make decisions based on their thought

73
Q

Peripheral route processign

A

Those who do not elaborate, instead, focusing on superficial details such as appearances, catchphrases, slogans, and credibility

74
Q

Signal cognitive theory

A

Postulates that people learn how to behave and shape attitudes by observing the behaviors of others

MCAT Psychology (12 decks)

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