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Social Thinking Flashcards

1
Q

Self-fulfilling prophecy

A

Typically of an individual - stereotypes lead to expectations of a group, which creates conditions that lead to confirmation of those expectations

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2
Q

Stereotype Threat

A

Typically of a group - concern or anxiety about confirming a negative stereotype about one’s social group. Stereotype threat may create a self-fulfilling prophecy.

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3
Q

Attribution Theory

A

the tendency of individuals to infer the causes of other people’s behavior; dispositional (internal) or situational (external)

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4
Q

list five factors that contribute to attraction

A

similarity, self-disclosure, reciprocity, proximity, appearance

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5
Q

cognitive neoassociation model

A

we are more likely to respond to others aggressively whenever we are feeling negative emotions (psychological and situational predictors of aggression: hunger, discomfort, pain)

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6
Q

list the 4 main types of attachment

A

secure, ambivalent, avoidant, disorganized

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7
Q

secure attachment

A

child has a consistent caregiver and trusts that the caregiver will provide comfort, will be upset at departure of caregiver

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8
Q

avoidant attachment

A

caregiver has little or no response to a distressed child; child shows no preference between caregiver and a stranger; shows little or no distress or relief when the caregiver leaves or returns

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9
Q

ambivalent attachment

A

caregiver has an inconsistent response to child’s distress; child is distressed when caregiver departs but has a mixed response when caregiver returns, often displaying ambivalence (AKA anxious-ambivalent attachment)

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10
Q

disorganized attachment

A

child shows no clear pattern of behavior in response to caregiver’s presence or absence, but shows a mix of behaviors; often associated with erratic behavior and social withdrawal by caregiver. red flag for abuse.

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11
Q

list 5 types of social support

A

emotional, esteem, material, informational, network

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12
Q

what part of the brain controls hunger?

A

hypothalamus. lateral hypothalamus promotes hunger; ventromedial hypothalamus responds to fullness cues and promotes satiety.

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13
Q

monogamy

A

exclusive mating relationship

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14
Q

polygamy

A

includes polygyny (one male to many females) and polyandry (one female to many males)

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15
Q

mate bias

A

how choosy members of the species are while choosing a mate

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16
Q

direct benefits

A

provide material advantage, protection, or emotional support

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17
Q

indirect benefits

A

promote better survival of offspring

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18
Q

what are the 5 recognized mechanisms of mate choice?

A
  1. phenotypic benefits
  2. sensory bias
  3. Fisherian/runaway selection
  4. indicator traits
  5. genetic compatibility
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19
Q

phenotypic benefits

A

observable traits that make a potential mate more attractive - usually suggest increased production/survival of offspring (eg a nurturing male)

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20
Q

sensory bias

A

development of a trait to match a preexisting preference that exists in the population. (eg fiddler crabs building pillars around their territory because this suggests a possible food source)

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21
Q

Fisherian/runaway selection

A

a positive feedback mechanism in which a particular trait - which has no effect on survival - becomes more and more exaggerated over time (eg peacocks)

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22
Q

indicator traits

A

a trait that signifies overall good health and well-being of an organism; may or may not be genetic. (eg female cats preferring male cats with clean, shiny coats)

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23
Q

genetic compatibility

A

creation of mate pairs with complementary genetics; attraction to others with different genetics reduces likelihood of offspring homozygotic for a disease

24
Q

altruism

A

form of helping behavior in which person’s intent is to benefit someone else at personal cost (does not offer biological reason)

25
empathy-altruism hypothesis
one individual helps another when s/he feels empathy, regardless of the cost - heavily debated.
26
game theory
attempts to explain decision-making behavior (Hawk-Dove game); in biology, game payoffs refer to fitness
27
inclusive fitness
measure of an organism's success in a population based on number of offspring, success in supporting offspring, and ability of offspring to support others. offers a biological explanation for altruism.
28
social perception
how we form impressions about the characteristics of individuals and groups of people, also known as social cognition
29
what are the 3 components of social perception?
perceiver, target, situation
30
impression bias
selectively focusing on cues to form interpretations of others that are consistent over time
31
primacy effect
first impression is the most important
32
recency effect
most recent information we have on someone is most important
33
reliance on central traits
organization of our perception of others based on traits that are most relevant to the perceiver
34
implicit personality theory
states that there are sets of assumptions people make about how different types of people, their traits, and their behavior are related (related to stereotyping)
35
halo effect
judgments about an individual are influenced by our overall impression of an individual; attractiveness can cause the halo effect
36
just-world hypothesis
a cognitive bias where good things happen to good people, and bad things happen to bad people. increases the likelihood of blaming the victim
37
self-serving bias
viewing success as based on internal factors, while viewing failures as based on external factors - cognitive bias done to protect self-esteem (self-enhancing)
38
name 3 types of cues
consistency, consensus, distinctiveness cues
39
consistency cues
refers to the consistent behavior of a person over time; the more we observe the behavior, the more we associate that behavior with the motives of the person
40
consensus cues
refers to the extent to which a person's behavior deviates from others. deviation from expected behavior leads us to form a dispositional attribution about that behavior.
41
distinctiveness cues
the extent to which a person engages in similar behavior across a series of scenarios; if a person's behavior varies in different scenarios, we are more likely to form a situational attribution to explain it.
42
correspondent inference theory
when an individual unexpectedly performs a behavior that helps or hurts us, we tend to explain the behavior by dispositional attribution
43
fundamental attribution error
we are generally biased toward making dispositional attributions rather than situational attributions, especially in negative contexts.
44
attribute substition
occurs when we must make a complex judgment, but instead we use a simple heuristic
45
cultural attribution
individualist cultures tend to make more fundamental attribution errors than in collectivist cultures, and are more likely to attribute behavior to dispositional factors rather than situational
46
stereotypes
cognitive - expectations impressions, and opinions about the characteristics of members of a group
47
prejudices
affective - overall attitude and emotional response to a group
48
discrimination
behavioral - differences in actions toward different groups
49
stereotype content model
classifies stereotypes along two axes: competence and warmth
50
what are the 4 possible combinations of warmth and competence in the stereotype content model?
paternalistic, contemptuous, admiration, envious
51
power
the ability of people or groups to achieve their goals despite any obstacles, and their ability to control resources
52
prestige
level of respect shown to a person by others
53
class
socioeconomic status
54
ethnocentrism
the practice of making judgments about other cultures based on the values and beliefs of one's own culture; related to in-groups and out-groups
55
cultural relativism
the perception of another culture as different from one's own, but with the recognition that the cultural values, mores, and rules fit into that culture

Psych/Soc (11 decks)

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