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Psych/Soc > Social Thinking > Flashcards

Social Thinking Flashcards

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1
Q

Self-fulfilling prophecy

A

Typically of an individual - stereotypes lead to expectations of a group, which creates conditions that lead to confirmation of those expectations

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2
Q

Stereotype Threat

A

Typically of a group - concern or anxiety about confirming a negative stereotype about one’s social group. Stereotype threat may create a self-fulfilling prophecy.

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3
Q

Attribution Theory

A

the tendency of individuals to infer the causes of other people’s behavior; dispositional (internal) or situational (external)

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4
Q

list five factors that contribute to attraction

A

similarity, self-disclosure, reciprocity, proximity, appearance

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5
Q

cognitive neoassociation model

A

we are more likely to respond to others aggressively whenever we are feeling negative emotions (psychological and situational predictors of aggression: hunger, discomfort, pain)

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6
Q

list the 4 main types of attachment

A

secure, ambivalent, avoidant, disorganized

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7
Q

secure attachment

A

child has a consistent caregiver and trusts that the caregiver will provide comfort, will be upset at departure of caregiver

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8
Q

avoidant attachment

A

caregiver has little or no response to a distressed child; child shows no preference between caregiver and a stranger; shows little or no distress or relief when the caregiver leaves or returns

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9
Q

ambivalent attachment

A

caregiver has an inconsistent response to child’s distress; child is distressed when caregiver departs but has a mixed response when caregiver returns, often displaying ambivalence (AKA anxious-ambivalent attachment)

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10
Q

disorganized attachment

A

child shows no clear pattern of behavior in response to caregiver’s presence or absence, but shows a mix of behaviors; often associated with erratic behavior and social withdrawal by caregiver. red flag for abuse.

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11
Q

list 5 types of social support

A

emotional, esteem, material, informational, network

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12
Q

what part of the brain controls hunger?

A

hypothalamus. lateral hypothalamus promotes hunger; ventromedial hypothalamus responds to fullness cues and promotes satiety.

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13
Q

monogamy

A

exclusive mating relationship

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14
Q

polygamy

A

includes polygyny (one male to many females) and polyandry (one female to many males)

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15
Q

mate bias

A

how choosy members of the species are while choosing a mate

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16
Q

direct benefits

A

provide material advantage, protection, or emotional support

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17
Q

indirect benefits

A

promote better survival of offspring

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18
Q

what are the 5 recognized mechanisms of mate choice?

A
  1. phenotypic benefits
  2. sensory bias
  3. Fisherian/runaway selection
  4. indicator traits
  5. genetic compatibility
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19
Q

phenotypic benefits

A

observable traits that make a potential mate more attractive - usually suggest increased production/survival of offspring (eg a nurturing male)

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20
Q

sensory bias

A

development of a trait to match a preexisting preference that exists in the population. (eg fiddler crabs building pillars around their territory because this suggests a possible food source)

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21
Q

Fisherian/runaway selection

A

a positive feedback mechanism in which a particular trait - which has no effect on survival - becomes more and more exaggerated over time (eg peacocks)

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22
Q

indicator traits

A

a trait that signifies overall good health and well-being of an organism; may or may not be genetic. (eg female cats preferring male cats with clean, shiny coats)

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23
Q

genetic compatibility

A

creation of mate pairs with complementary genetics; attraction to others with different genetics reduces likelihood of offspring homozygotic for a disease

24
Q

altruism

A

form of helping behavior in which person’s intent is to benefit someone else at personal cost (does not offer biological reason)

25
Q

empathy-altruism hypothesis

A

one individual helps another when s/he feels empathy, regardless of the cost - heavily debated.

26
Q

game theory

A

attempts to explain decision-making behavior (Hawk-Dove game); in biology, game payoffs refer to fitness

27
Q

inclusive fitness

A

measure of an organism’s success in a population based on number of offspring, success in supporting offspring, and ability of offspring to support others. offers a biological explanation for altruism.

28
Q

social perception

A

how we form impressions about the characteristics of individuals and groups of people, also known as social cognition

29
Q

what are the 3 components of social perception?

A

perceiver, target, situation

30
Q

impression bias

A

selectively focusing on cues to form interpretations of others that are consistent over time

31
Q

primacy effect

A

first impression is the most important

32
Q

recency effect

A

most recent information we have on someone is most important

33
Q

reliance on central traits

A

organization of our perception of others based on traits that are most relevant to the perceiver

34
Q

implicit personality theory

A

states that there are sets of assumptions people make about how different types of people, their traits, and their behavior are related (related to stereotyping)

35
Q

halo effect

A

judgments about an individual are influenced by our overall impression of an individual; attractiveness can cause the halo effect

36
Q

just-world hypothesis

A

a cognitive bias where good things happen to good people, and bad things happen to bad people. increases the likelihood of blaming the victim

37
Q

self-serving bias

A

viewing success as based on internal factors, while viewing failures as based on external factors - cognitive bias done to protect self-esteem (self-enhancing)

38
Q

name 3 types of cues

A

consistency, consensus, distinctiveness cues

39
Q

consistency cues

A

refers to the consistent behavior of a person over time; the more we observe the behavior, the more we associate that behavior with the motives of the person

40
Q

consensus cues

A

refers to the extent to which a person’s behavior deviates from others. deviation from expected behavior leads us to form a dispositional attribution about that behavior.

41
Q

distinctiveness cues

A

the extent to which a person engages in similar behavior across a series of scenarios; if a person’s behavior varies in different scenarios, we are more likely to form a situational attribution to explain it.

42
Q

correspondent inference theory

A

when an individual unexpectedly performs a behavior that helps or hurts us, we tend to explain the behavior by dispositional attribution

43
Q

fundamental attribution error

A

we are generally biased toward making dispositional attributions rather than situational attributions, especially in negative contexts.

44
Q

attribute substition

A

occurs when we must make a complex judgment, but instead we use a simple heuristic

45
Q

cultural attribution

A

individualist cultures tend to make more fundamental attribution errors than in collectivist cultures, and are more likely to attribute behavior to dispositional factors rather than situational

46
Q

stereotypes

A

cognitive - expectations impressions, and opinions about the characteristics of members of a group

47
Q

prejudices

A

affective - overall attitude and emotional response to a group

48
Q

discrimination

A

behavioral - differences in actions toward different groups

49
Q

stereotype content model

A

classifies stereotypes along two axes: competence and warmth

50
Q

what are the 4 possible combinations of warmth and competence in the stereotype content model?

A

paternalistic, contemptuous, admiration, envious

51
Q

power

A

the ability of people or groups to achieve their goals despite any obstacles, and their ability to control resources

52
Q

prestige

A

level of respect shown to a person by others

53
Q

class

A

socioeconomic status

54
Q

ethnocentrism

A

the practice of making judgments about other cultures based on the values and beliefs of one’s own culture; related to in-groups and out-groups

55
Q

cultural relativism

A

the perception of another culture as different from one’s own, but with the recognition that the cultural values, mores, and rules fit into that culture

Psych/Soc (11 decks)

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