Biology & Behavior

Question 1

parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 1

conserves energy; reduces heart rate and constricts bronchi, manages digestion by increasing digestion and exocrine secretions, constricts pupils. acetylcholine is primary NT

Question 2

sympathetic nervous system

Answer 2

activated by stress; increases heart rate, redistributes blood to skeletal muscle, increases blood glucose, relaxes bronchi, dilates pupils, releases epinephrine

Question 3

list the meninges

Answer 3

dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

Question 4

CSF

Answer 4

cerebrospinal fluid - bathes the brain and spinal cord, produced by ependymal cells lining the ventricles

Question 5

forebrain

Answer 5

cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, limbic system, thalamus, hypothalamus - complex cognitive and behavioral processes, memory, personality, emotion…

Question 6

midbrain

Answer 6

inferior and superior colliculi - sensorimotor reflexes

Question 7

hindbrain

Answer 7

cerebellum, medulla oblongata, reticular formation - refined motor movements, vital functions, arousal and alertness

Question 8

prosencephalon

Answer 8

(forebrain) during prenatal development, the prosencephalon divides to form the telencephalon (cortex, basal ganglia, limbic system) and diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus, posterior pituitary gland, and pineal gland)

Question 9

mesencephalon

Answer 9

receives sensory and motor info from the rest of the body. contains colliculi.

Question 10

superior colliculi

Answer 10

receive visual sensory input

Question 11

inferior colliculi

Answer 11

receives auditory input and has a role in reflexive reactions to sudden loud noises

Question 12

rhombencephalon

Answer 12

(hindbrain) divides to form myelencephalon (medulla oblongata) and metencephalon (pons and cerebellum). manages vital functions.

Question 13

EEG

Answer 13

electroencephalogram; measures electrical activity of the brain through electrodes placed on scalp

Question 14

regional cerebral blood flow

Answer 14

rCBF; detects patterns of neural activity based on increased blood flow to different parts of the brain; measured with inhalation of radioactive gas

Question 15

thalamus

Answer 15

(forebrain) sensory relay center for all senses except smell.

Question 16

hypothalamus

Answer 16

(forebrain) serves homeostatic functions, responsible for drives (Four Fs - fighting, fleeing, feeding, fucking)

Question 17

lateral hypothalamus

Answer 17

promotes hunger

Question 18

ventromedial hypothalamus

Answer 18

provides signals to stop eating; promotes satiety

Question 19

anterior hypothalamus

Answer 19

controls sexual behavior, regulates sleep and body temperature

Question 20

posterior pituitary

Answer 20

releases ADH (vasopressin) and oxytocin via axonal projections from suprachiasmatic nucleus and paraventricular nucleus

Question 21

pineal gland

Answer 21

secretes melatonin; regulates circadian rhythms, receives direct signals from the retina for coordination with sunlight

Question 22

basal ganglia

Answer 22

coordinate muscle movement and relay information to the extrapyramidal motor system; makes our movement smooth and our posture steady.

Question 23

Parkinson’s Disease

Answer 23

chronic illness associated with destruction of dopaminergic neurons of the basal ganglia; characterized by jerky movements and uncontrolled resting tremors

Question 24

limbic system

Answer 24

emotion and memory - composed of septal nuclei, amygdala, hippocampus

Question 25

septal nuclei

Answer 25

one of the primary pleasure centers of the brain, associated with addictive behavior

Question 26

amygdala

Answer 26

fear, rage, defensive and aggressive behaviors

Question 27

hippocampus

Answer 27

learning, memory, consolidation of information to long-term memory; redistributes memories to cerebral cortex. communicates with other portions of limbic system through the fornix.

Question 28

Henry Molaison

Answer 28

patient with removed amygdala and hippocampus - suffered from anterograde amnesia (inability to form new memories)

Question 29

gyrus

Answer 29

bump in the cerebral cortex

Question 30

sulcus

Answer 30

groove in the cerebral cortex

Question 31

frontal lobe

Answer 31

executive function, emotion, personality, primary motor cortex

Question 32

primary motor cortex

Answer 32

located on precentral gyrus

Question 33

Broca's area

Answer 33

important for speech production, located in frontal lobe

Question 34

parietal lobe

Answer 34

contains somatosensory cortex on the postcentral gyrus

Question 35

occipital lobe

Answer 35

contains visual (striate) cortex

Question 36

temporal lobe

Answer 36

auditory cortex, Wernicke's area (language reception and comprehension), memory processing, emotion, and language

Question 37

Wernicke's area

Answer 37

language reception and comprehension, located in temporal lobe

Question 38

contralateral

Answer 38

on opposite sides

Question 39

ipsilateral

Answer 39

on same side

Question 40

dominant hemisphere

Answer 40

typically left. analytic in function. manages language, logic, and math skills, contains Broca's and Wernicke's areaas

Question 41

nondominant hemisphere

Answer 41

typically right. associated with intuition, creativity, music, and spatial processing. sensitive to emotional tones of language.

Question 42

acetylcholine

Answer 42

CNS and PNS. in PNS, transmits nerve impulses to muscles, and used by parasympathetic nervous system. in CNS. linked to attention and arousal (loss of cholinergic neurons associated with Alzheimer's Disease)

Question 43

epinephrine and norepinephrine

Answer 43

control alertness and wakefulness; primary NTs of the sympathetic nervous system

Question 44

epinephrine

Answer 44

more often secreted by adrenal medulla into the bloodstream as a hormone

Question 45

norepinephrine

Answer 45

more often used as a neurotransmitter

Question 46

catecholamines

Answer 46

epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine - also classified as monoamines or biogenic amines. play important roles in the experience of emotions.

Question 47

dopamine

Answer 47

a catecholamine that plays a role in movement and posture. high concentrations are found in the basal ganglia.