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Biology & Behavior Flashcards

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1
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

conserves energy; reduces heart rate and constricts bronchi, manages digestion by increasing digestion and exocrine secretions, constricts pupils. acetylcholine is primary NT

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2
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

activated by stress; increases heart rate, redistributes blood to skeletal muscle, increases blood glucose, relaxes bronchi, dilates pupils, releases epinephrine

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3
Q

list the meninges

A

dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

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4
Q

CSF

A

cerebrospinal fluid - bathes the brain and spinal cord, produced by ependymal cells lining the ventricles

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5
Q

forebrain

A

cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, limbic system, thalamus, hypothalamus - complex cognitive and behavioral processes, memory, personality, emotion…

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6
Q

midbrain

A

inferior and superior colliculi - sensorimotor reflexes

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7
Q

hindbrain

A

cerebellum, medulla oblongata, reticular formation - refined motor movements, vital functions, arousal and alertness

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8
Q

prosencephalon

A

(forebrain) during prenatal development, the prosencephalon divides to form the telencephalon (cortex, basal ganglia, limbic system) and diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus, posterior pituitary gland, and pineal gland)

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9
Q

mesencephalon

A

receives sensory and motor info from the rest of the body. contains colliculi.

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10
Q

superior colliculi

A

receive visual sensory input

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11
Q

inferior colliculi

A

receives auditory input and has a role in reflexive reactions to sudden loud noises

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12
Q

rhombencephalon

A

(hindbrain) divides to form myelencephalon (medulla oblongata) and metencephalon (pons and cerebellum). manages vital functions.

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13
Q

EEG

A

electroencephalogram; measures electrical activity of the brain through electrodes placed on scalp

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14
Q

regional cerebral blood flow

A

rCBF; detects patterns of neural activity based on increased blood flow to different parts of the brain; measured with inhalation of radioactive gas

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15
Q

thalamus

A

(forebrain) sensory relay center for all senses except smell.

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16
Q

hypothalamus

A

(forebrain) serves homeostatic functions, responsible for drives (Four Fs - fighting, fleeing, feeding, fucking)

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17
Q

lateral hypothalamus

A

promotes hunger

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18
Q

ventromedial hypothalamus

A

provides signals to stop eating; promotes satiety

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19
Q

anterior hypothalamus

A

controls sexual behavior, regulates sleep and body temperature

20
Q

posterior pituitary

A

releases ADH (vasopressin) and oxytocin via axonal projections from suprachiasmatic nucleus and paraventricular nucleus

21
Q

pineal gland

A

secretes melatonin; regulates circadian rhythms, receives direct signals from the retina for coordination with sunlight

22
Q

basal ganglia

A

coordinate muscle movement and relay information to the extrapyramidal motor system; makes our movement smooth and our posture steady.

23
Q

Parkinson’s Disease

A

chronic illness associated with destruction of dopaminergic neurons of the basal ganglia; characterized by jerky movements and uncontrolled resting tremors

24
Q

limbic system

A

emotion and memory - composed of septal nuclei, amygdala, hippocampus

25
Q

septal nuclei

A

one of the primary pleasure centers of the brain, associated with addictive behavior

26
Q

amygdala

A

fear, rage, defensive and aggressive behaviors

27
Q

hippocampus

A

learning, memory, consolidation of information to long-term memory; redistributes memories to cerebral cortex. communicates with other portions of limbic system through the fornix.

28
Q

Henry Molaison

A

patient with removed amygdala and hippocampus - suffered from anterograde amnesia (inability to form new memories)

29
Q

gyrus

A

bump in the cerebral cortex

30
Q

sulcus

A

groove in the cerebral cortex

31
Q

frontal lobe

A

executive function, emotion, personality, primary motor cortex

32
Q

primary motor cortex

A

located on precentral gyrus

33
Q

Broca’s area

A

important for speech production, located in frontal lobe

34
Q

parietal lobe

A

contains somatosensory cortex on the postcentral gyrus

35
Q

occipital lobe

A

contains visual (striate) cortex

36
Q

temporal lobe

A

auditory cortex, Wernicke’s area (language reception and comprehension), memory processing, emotion, and language

37
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

language reception and comprehension, located in temporal lobe

38
Q

contralateral

A

on opposite sides

39
Q

ipsilateral

A

on same side

40
Q

dominant hemisphere

A

typically left. analytic in function. manages language, logic, and math skills, contains Broca’s and Wernicke’s areaas

41
Q

nondominant hemisphere

A

typically right. associated with intuition, creativity, music, and spatial processing. sensitive to emotional tones of language.

42
Q

acetylcholine

A

CNS and PNS. in PNS, transmits nerve impulses to muscles, and used by parasympathetic nervous system. in CNS. linked to attention and arousal (loss of cholinergic neurons associated with Alzheimer’s Disease)

43
Q

epinephrine and norepinephrine

A

control alertness and wakefulness; primary NTs of the sympathetic nervous system

44
Q

epinephrine

A

more often secreted by adrenal medulla into the bloodstream as a hormone

45
Q

norepinephrine

A

more often used as a neurotransmitter

46
Q

catecholamines

A

epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine - also classified as monoamines or biogenic amines. play important roles in the experience of emotions.

47
Q

dopamine

A

a catecholamine that plays a role in movement and posture. high concentrations are found in the basal ganglia.

Psych/Soc (11 decks)

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