Identity, Personality, Development

Question 1

List the selves of self-discrepancy theory, and their effect on self-esteem.

Answer 1

1. actual self - the way we see ourselves as we currently are
2. ideal self - who we would like to be
3. ought self - the way others think we should be

The closer the three selves are, the higher our self-esteem.

Question 2

Define self-efficacy

Answer 2

Our belief in our ability to succeed

Question 3

learned helplessness

Answer 3

a behaviour in which an organism forced to endure aversive, painful or otherwise unpleasant stimuli becomes unable or unwilling to avoid subsequent encounters with those stimuli, even if they are escapable.

Question 4

List Freud’s five stages of psychosexual development.

Answer 4

1. Oral
2. Anal
3. Phallic/Oedipal
4. Latency
5. Genital

Question 5

Describe Freud’s oral stage.

Answer 5

Age 0-1; libidinal energy satisifed by putting objects in mouth, biting, and sucking. Fixation during this stage leads to excessive dependency

Question 6

Describe Freud’s anal stage.

Answer 6

Age 1-3; libido centered on the anus. Gratification is obtained by elimination/retention of waste. Fixation leads to excessive orderliness or sloppiness (anal-retentive).

Question 7

Describe Freud’s phallic stage.

Answer 7

Age 3-5; Oedipal or Electra conflict resolution; sublimation of libidinal energy (through schoolwork or other hobbies)

Question 8

Describe Freud’s latency

Answer 8

Age 5-puberty; libido is sublimated.

Question 9

Describe Freud’s genital stage

Answer 9

Puberty through adulthood; if all previous conflicts have been resolved, person enters healthy heterosexual relationships. If not resolved, homosexuality or fetishism may result.

Question 10

List Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development

Answer 10

1. trust v. mistrust
2. autonomy v. shame & doubt
3. initiative v. guilt
4. industry v. inferiority
5. identity v. role confusion
6. intimacy v. isolation
7. generativity v. stagnation
8. integrity v. despair

Question 11

Describe Erikson’s trust v. mistrust conflict.

Answer 11

Age 0-1; can I trust the world?

Question 12

Describe Erikson’s autonomy v. shame & doubt.

Answer 12

Age 1-3; Is it okay to be me? (Internal or external locus of control; exercise of choice and restraint)

Question 13

Describe Erikson’s initiative v. guilt.

Answer 13

Age 3-6; Is it okay for me to do, move and act? (Sense of purpose, ability to initiate activities, and the ability to enjoy accomplishment)

Question 14

Describe Erikson’s industry v. inferiority.

Answer 14

Age 6-12; Can I make it in the world of people and things? (competence in ability to exercise abilities and intelligence)

Question 15

Describe Erikson’s identity v. role confusion.

Answer 15

Age 12-20; who am I? What can I be? Physiological revolution. (ability to see oneself as a unique and integrated person with sustained loyalties)

Question 16

Describe Erikson’s intimacy v. isolation.

Answer 16

Age 20-40; Can I love?

Question 17

Describe Erikson’s generativity v. stagnation.

Answer 17

Age 40-65; Can I make my life count?

Question 18

Describe Erikson’s integrity v. despair.

Answer 18

Age 65+; Is it okay to have been me?

Question 19

androgyny

Answer 19

the state of being simultaneously very masculine and very feminine

Question 20

undifferentiated

Answer 20

the state of being simultaneously not masculine and not feminine

Question 21

ethnic identity

Answer 21

based on common culture, language, and ancestry

Question 22

nationality

Answer 22

based on political borders

Question 23

hierarchy of salience

Answer 23

we let the situation dictate which identity holds the most importance at any given moment

Question 24

Kohlberg’s stages of moral reasoning

Answer 24

preconventional, conventional, postconventional morality - think of Heinz dilemma. six stages though which we advance in order.

Question 25

preconventional morality

Answer 25

preadolescence - emphasizes consequences of choice. obedience (avoidance of punishment) vs. self-interest (gaining rewards). instrumental relativist stage: based on the concepts of reciprocity and sharing

Question 26

conventional morality

Answer 26

early adolescence - emphasizes understanding of social rules. conformity (seeking the moral approval of others) vs. law and order (maintains social order in highest regard)

Question 27

postconventional morality

Answer 27

not everyone is capable - confilcts between law and morality. social contract (moral rules are conventions designed to ensure the greater good, with reasoning focused on individual rights) vs. universal human ethics (decisions should be made in consideration of abstract principles)

Question 28

zone of proximal development

Answer 28

Vygotsky - those skills and abilities that have not fully developed but are in the process of development

Question 29

more knowledgeable other

Answer 29

typically an adult. gaining the skills of the zone of proximal development requires the help of a more knowledgeable other.

Question 30

theory of mind

Answer 30

the ability to sense how another’s mind works; eg understanding how a friend is interpreting a story

Question 31

reference group

Answer 31

our self-concept depends on whom we are comparing ourselves to - our reference group

Question 32

psychoanalytic (psychodynamic) theories of personality

Answer 32

unconscious internal states motivate the overt actions of individuals and determine personality; Freud

Question 33

id

Answer 33

basic, primal urges. operates on the pleasure principle, aiming to achieve immediate gratification. unconscious.

Question 34

primary process

Answer 34

id’s response to frustration

Question 35

wish fulfillment

Answer 35

mental imagery, daydreaming, fantasy that fulfill the id’s need for satisfaction

Question 36

ego

Answer 36

operates on the reality principle, taking into account reality as it guides the id. conscious and preconscious.

Question 37

reality principle

Answer 37

postpone the pleasure principle until satisfaction can actually be obtained

Question 38

secondary process

Answer 38

reality principle guides/inhibits the activity of the id and the id’s pleasure principle

Question 39

superego

Answer 39

the personality’s perfectionist. composed of the conscience and the ego-ideal. conscious, preconscious, and unconscious.

Question 40

conscience

Answer 40

a collection of the improper actions for which a child is punished

Question 41

ego-ideal

Answer 41

the proper actions for which a child is rewarded

Question 42

repression

Answer 42

an unconscious forgetting; forcing undesired thoughts and urges to the unconscious

Question 43

suppression

Answer 43

deliberate, conscious form of forgetting

Question 44

regression

Answer 44

reversion to an earlier developmental state

Question 45

reaction formation

Answer 45

suppression of urges by unconsciously converting them into their exact opposites

Question 46

projection

Answer 46

individuals attribute their undesired feelings to others (“I hate my parents” becomes “my parents hate me”)

Question 47

Thematic Apperception Test

Answer 47

a series of pictures that are presented to a client, designed to use projection to elucidate the client’s unconscious thoughts and feelings

Question 48

rationalization

Answer 48

justification of feelings and behaviors in a manner that is acceptable to the self and society (similar to aligning actions?)

Question 49

displacement

Answer 49

transferring an undesired urge from one person to another; eg being upset at boss and taking it out on spouse

Question 50

sublimation

Answer 50

channeling of an unacceptable urge into a socially acceptable behavior