Social Thinking Flashcards
what makes people like each other and is influenced by multiple factors, including physical characteristics, similarity, self-disclosure, reciprocity, and proximity
interpersonal attraction
factor of interpersonal attraction:
increased with symmetry and proportions close to the golden ratio
physical attractiveness
factor of interpersonal attraction:
having something in common, such as attitudes, intelligence education, height, age, religion, appearance, or socioeconomic status
similarity
factor of interpersonal attraction:
includes sharing fears, thoughts, and goals with another person and being met with empathy and nonjudgement
self-disclosure
factor of interpersonal attraction:
we like people who we think like us
reciprocity
factor of interpersonal attraction:
being physically close to someone
proximity
a physical, verbal, or nonverbal behavior with the intention to cause harm or increase social dominance
aggression
an emotional bond to another person, and usually refers to the bond between a child and a caregiver; four types
attachment
type of attachment:
requires a consistent caregiver so the child is able to go and explore, knowing he or she has a secure base to return to; the child will show strong preference for the caregiver
secure attachment
type of attachment:
occurs when a caregiver has little or no response to a distressed, crying child; the child shows no preference for the caregiver compared to strangers
avoidant attachment
type of attachment:
occurs when a caregiver has an inconsistent response to a child’s distress sometimes responding appropriately, sometimes neglectfully; the child will become distressed when caregiver leaves and is ambivalent when he or she returns
ambivalent attachment
type of attachment:
occurs when a caregiver is erratic or abusive; the child shows no clear pattern of behavior in response to the caregiver’s absence or presence and may show repetitive behavior
disorganized attachment
the perception or reality that one is cared for by a social network
social support
type of social support:
includes listening to, affirming, and empathizing with someone’s feelings
emotional support
type of social support:
affirms the qualities and skills of the person
esteem support
type of social support:
is providing physical or monetary resources to aid a person
material support
type of social support:
is providing useful information to a person
informational support
type of social support:
is providing a sense of belonging to a person
network support
is searching for and exploiting food resources
foraging
describes the way in which a groups is organized in terms of sexual behavior
mating system
type of mating system:
consists of exclusive mating relationships
monogamy
type of mating system:
consists of multiple exclusive relationships, including polygyny (with multiple females) and polyandry (with multiple males)
polygamy
type of mating system:
means mating without exclusivity
promiscuity
is the selection of a mate based on attraction and traits
mate choice (intersexual selection)
a form of helping behavior in which the person’s intent is to benefit someone else at some cost to him- or herself
altruism
attempts to explain decision making between individuals as if they are participating in a game
game theory
a measure of an organism’s success in the population; this is based on the number of offspring, success in supporting offspring, and the ability of the offspring to then support others
inclusive fitness
the way by which we generate impressions about people in our social environment; it contains a perceiver, his or her target, and the situation or social context of the scenario
social perception (social cognition)
states that people make assumptions about how different types of people, their traits, and their behavior are related; certain cognitive biases impact our perception of others
implicit personality theory
cognitive bias of implicit personality theory:
refers to when first impressions are more important than subsequent impressions
primacy effect
cognitive bias of implicit personality theory:
is when the most recent information we have about an individual is more important in forming our impressions
recency effect
cognitive bias of implicit personality theory:
is the tendency to organize the perception of others based on traits and personal characteristics that matter to the perceiver
reliance on central traits
cognitive bias of implicit personality theory:
when judgements of an individuals character can be affected by the overall impression of the individual
halo effect
cognitive bias of implicit personality theory:
the tendency of individuals to believe that good things happen to good people and bad things happen to bad people
just-world hypothesis
cognitive bias of implicit personality theory:
refers to the fact that individuals will view their own successes as being based on internal factors, while viewing failures as being based on external factors
self-serving bias
states that individuals tend to try to infer the causes of other peoples behavior
attribution theory
attribution theory:
causes that relate to the features of the person whose behavior is being considered
dispositional (internal)
attribution theory:
causes that are related to features of the surroundings or social context
situational (external)
observers will attribute their own bad behavior to situational factors (not feeling well), whereas observers will attribute actors’ behavior to dispositional factors (social awkwardness)
actor-observer bias
is used to describe attributions made by observing the intentional (especially unexpected) behaviors performed by another person
correspondent interference theory
the bias toward making dispositional (internal) attributions rather than situational (external) attributions in regard to the actions of others
fundamental attribution error
occurs when individuals must make judgements that are complex but instead substitute a simpler solution or heuristic
attribute substitution
are highly influenced by the culture in which one resides
attributions
occur when attitudes and impressions are made based on limited and superficial information about a person or group of individuals
stereotypes
process where stereotypes can lead to expectations of certain groups, which can create conditions that lead to confirmation of the stereotype
self-fulfilling prophecy
is concern or anxiety about confirming a negative stereotype about one’s social group
stereotype threat
is defined as an irrational positive or negative attitude toward a person, group, or thing prior to an actual experience
prejudice
refers to the practice of making judgements about other cultures based on the values and beliefs of one’s own culture
ethnocentrism
refers to the recognition that social groups and cultures should be studied on their own terms
cultural relativism
is when prejudicial attitudes cause individuals of a particular group to be treated differently from others
discrimination
refers to one person’s discriminating against a particular person or group
individual discrimination
refers to the discrimination against a particular person or group by an entire institution
institutional discrimination
the phenomenon that study participants act differently than they normally would due to knowledge that they are being observed
Hawthorne effect
game theory:
a type of game in which all of the players’ gains and losses add up to zero; when one player wins the other loses, their outcomes adding to zero
zero-sum game
