Psychological Disorders Flashcards by Kenneth Wright

approach that takes into account only the physical and medical causes of a psychological disorder

biomedical approach

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approach that considers relative contributions of biological, psychological, and social components to an individual’s psychological disorder

biopsychosocial approach

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is used to diagnose psychological disorders; categorizes mental disorders based on symptom patterns

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)

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type of psychological disorder:

the prototypical disorder with psychosis as a feature; contains positive and negative symptoms

schizophrenia

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type of symptom of schizophrenia:
add something to behavior, cognition, or affect;
include: delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and disorganized behavior

positive symptoms

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type of symptom of schizophrenia:
the loss of something from behavior, cognition, or affect;
include: disturbance of affect and avolition

negative symptoms

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type of psychological disorder:

include major depressive disorder, disthymia, and seasonal affective disorder

depressive disorders

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psychological disorder:

contains at least one major depressive episode

major depressive disorder

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psychological disorder:

the presence of depressive symptoms for at least two years that do not meet criteria for major depressive disorder

disthymia (persistent depressive disorder)

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type of psychological disorder:

have manic or hypomanic episodes

bipolar and related disorders

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psychological disorder:

contains at least one manic episode

bipolar I disorder

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psychological disorder:

contains at least one major depressive episode and at least one hypomanic episode

bipolar II disorder

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psychological disorder:
describes periods of manic and depressive symptoms that are not severe enough to be labeled an episode; these symptoms must persist for at least two years and be present the majority of that time

cyclothymic disorder

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type of psychological disorder:
capture conditions in which excessive fear or anxiety impairs one’s daily functions; differentiated by the stimuli that induces anxiety

anxiety disorders

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psychological disorder:

irrational fears of specific objects or situations

specific phobias

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psychological disorder:
anxiety due to separation from one’s caregivers, often with ideation that if separated, either the caregiver or the patient will be harmed

separation anxiety

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psychological disorder:

anxiety due to social or performance situations with ideation that the patient will be negatively evaluated

social anxiety disorder

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psychological disorder:

disorder is the impairment of speech in situations where speaking is expected

selective mutism

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psychological disorder:

marked by recurrent panic attacks; may lead to agoraphobia

panic disorder

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intense, overwhelming fear and sympathetic nervous system activity with no clear stimulus

panic attack

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psychological disorder:

a fear of places or situations where it is hard for an individual to escape

agoraphobia

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psychological disorder:

a disproportionate and persistent worry about many different things for at least six months

generalized anxiety disorder

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type of psychological disorder:

characterized by perceived needs (obsessions or preoccupations) and paired actions to meet those needs (compulsions)

obsessive-compulsive disorder and related disorders

psychological disorder:
characterized by obsessions (persistent, intrusive thoughts and impulses) and compulsions (repetitive tasks that relieve tension but cause significant impairment in a person’s life)

obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

psychological disorder: characterized by an unrealistic negative evaluation of one's appearance or a specific body part; individual often takes extreme measures to correct the perceived imperfection

body dysmorphic disorder

psychological disorder: characterized by the reluctance of giving up one's physical possessions; behavior is often associated with excessive acquisition of physical items

hoarding disorder

type of psychological disorder: characterized by intrusion symptoms (reliving the event, flashbacks, nightmares), avoidance symptoms (avoidance of people, places, objects associated with trauma), negative cognitive symptoms (amnesia, negative mood and emotions), and arousal symptoms (increased startle response, irritability, anxiety); symptoms can be explained from behaviorist perspective

post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

type of psychological disorder: | include dissociative amnesia, dissociative identity disorder, and depersonalization/derealization disorder

dissociative disorders

psychological disorder: an inability to recall past experience without any underlying neurological disorder; in severe forms, it may involve dissociative fugue

dissociation disorder

a sudden change in location that may involve the assumption of new identity

dissociative fugue

psychological disorder: | the occurrence of two or more personalities that take control of a person's behavior

dissociative identity disorder

psychological disorder: | involves feelings of detachment from the mind and body or from the environment

depersonalization/derealization disorder

type of psychological disorder: | involve significant bodily disorders

somatic symptoms and related disorders

psychological disorder: involves at least one somatic symptom, which may or may not be linked to an underlying medical condition, that causes disproportionate concern

somatic symptom disorder

psychological disorder: | a preoccupation with thoughts about having, or coming down with, a serious medical condition

illness anxiety disorder

psychological disorder: | involves unexplained symptoms affecting motor or sensory function and is associated with prior trauma

conversion disorder

type of psychological disorder: patterns of inflexible, maladaptive behavior that cause distress or impaired functioning in at least two of the following: cognition, emotions, interpersonal functioning, or impulse control; occur in three clusters: A (odd, eccentric), B (dramatic, emotional, erratic), and C (anxious, fearful)

personality disorders (PD)

cluster of PDs: | includes paranoid, schizotypal, and schizoid

cluster A

cluster of PDs: | includes antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissitic

cluster B

cluster of PDs: | includes avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive

cluster C

psychological disorder: | involves a pervasive distrust and suspicion of others

paranoid PD

psychological disorder: | involves ideas of reference, magical thinking, and eccentricity

schizotypal PD

psychological disorder: | involves detachment from social relationships, and limited emotion

schizoid PD

psychological disorder: | involves a disregard for the rights of others

antisocial PD

psychological disorder: involves instability in relationships, mood, and self-image; splitting is characteristic, as are recurrent suicide attempts

borderline PD

psychological disorder: | involves constant attention-seeking behavior

histrionic PD

psychological disorder: | involves a grandiose sense of self importance and need for admiration

narcissistic PD

psychological disorder: | involves extreme shyness and fear of rejection

avoidant PD

psychological disorder: | involves a continuous need for reassurance

dependent PD

psychological disorder: | involves perfectionism, inflexibility, and preoccupation with rules

obsessive-compulsive PD

biological basis of nervous system disorder: may be associated with genetic factors, birth trauma, adolescent marijuana use, and family history; there are high levels of dopaminergic transmissions

schizophrenia

biological basis of nervous system disorder: | accompanied by high levels of glucocorticoids and low levels of norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine

depression

biological basis of nervous system disorder: | accompanied by high levels of norepinephrine and serotonin; are highly heritable

bipolar disorders

biological basis of nervous system disorder: associated with genetic factors, brain atrophy, decreases in acetylcholine, senile plaques of β-amyloid, and neurofibrillary tangles of hyperphosphorylated tau protein

Alzheimer's disease

biological basis of nervous system disorder: associated with bradykinesia, resting tremor, pill-rolling tremor, mask like facies, cogwheel rigidity, and a shuffling gait; decreased production of dopamine by cells in the substantia nigra

Parkinson's disease